An Encyclopedia of well-annotated DNA-binding TRanscription factors in Bacteria and Archaea.
Regulatory proteins were retrieved from Uniprot and other databases and depurated by using experimental evidences from literature. All records were systematically and manually evaluated. From these searches, proteins with not experimental evidences and annotated with functions beyond gene regulation were excluded. These data enabled us to present a dataset of well-characterized proteins devoted to regulate gene expression at the transcriptional level. Overall, the project provides insights into the organization and regulation of genes in prokaryotes, and is an expansive resource of functional annotations for biological and biomedical research.
| ENTRAF ID | Gene name | Species | Function | Protein Family |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ENTRAF0001 | pyrR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Regulates transcriptional attenuation of the pyrimidine nucleotide (pyr) operon by binding in a uridine-dependent manner to specific sites on pyr mRNA. This disrupts an antiterminator hairpin in the RNA and favors formation of a downstream transcription terminator, leading to a reduced expression of downstream genes.; Also displays a weak uracil phosphoribosyltransferase activity which is not physiologically significant. | Pribosyltransferase |
| ENTRAF0002 | sacY | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | In the presence of sucrose, SacY is activated and prevents premature termination of transcription by binding to a RNA-antiterminator (RAT) sequence (partially overlapping with the terminator sequence) located upstream of the sacB gene. Formation of the SacY-RAT complex prevents alternative formation of the terminator, allowing transcription of the sacB gene. In the absence of sucrose, inhibition of SacY activity by SacX leads to termination of transcription. | BglG-like antiterminator proteins |
| ENTRAF0003 | ideR | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Metal-dependent DNA-binding protein that controls transcription of many genes involved in iron metabolism. Acts as a repressor of siderophore biosynthesis and as a positive modulator of iron storage. Also regulates expression of transporters, proteins involved in siderophore synthesis, iron storage and transcriptional regulators. | DtxR/MntR |
| ENTRAF0004 | gerE | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Involved in the regulation of spore formation. Directs the transcription of several genes that encode structural components of the protein coat that encases the mature spore (CotB, CotC, CotG, CotS, CotV, CotW, CotX, CotY and CotZ). Controls also the cgeAB and cgeCDE operons. | GerE |
| ENTRAF0005 | licT | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Mediates positive regulation of the glucanase operon (licST) by functioning as an antiterminator factor of transcription. Prevents termination at terminator lic-t. | BglG-like antiterminator proteins |
| ENTRAF0006 | mta | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Global transcriptional regulator that activates transcription of bmr and blt by binding directly to their promoter. Stimulates also the expression of the mta gene itself, ydfK and ymfE. | MerR |
| ENTRAF0007 | spo0A | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | May play the central regulatory role in sporulation. It may be an element of the effector pathway responsible for the activation of sporulation genes in response to nutritional stress. Spo0A may act in concert with Spo0H (a sigma factor) to control the expression of some genes that are critical to the sporulation process. Repressor of abrB, activator of the spoIIa operon. Binds the DNA sequence 5'-TGNCGAA-3' (0A box). | Spo0A |
| ENTRAF0008 | phoP | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Member of the two-component regulatory system PhoP/PhoR involved in the regulation of alkaline phosphatase genes phoA and phoB and of phosphodiesterase. | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0009 | purR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Controls the transcription of the pur operon for purine biosynthetic genes, binds to the control region of the operon. DNA binding is inhibited by 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate. | PuR_N |
| ENTRAF0010 | mntR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Central regulator of manganese homeostasis. In the presence of manganese, it mediates repression of the manganese transporter MntH; under low manganese conditions, it activates the transcription of the mntABCD operon. | DtxR/MntR |
| ENTRAF0011 | pdtaR | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Member of the two-component regulatory system pdtaR/pdtaS. | Antar |
| ENTRAF0012 | ethR | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Involved in the repression of the monooxygenase EthA which is responsible of the formation of the active metabolite of ethionamide (ETH). | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0013 | paiA | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Involved in the protection against polyamine toxicity by regulating their concentration. Also could be involved in the negative control of sporulation as well as production of degradative enzymes such as alpha-amylase, levansucrase and alkaline phosphatase. Catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl coenzyme A (AcCoA) to an acceptor substrate and releases both CoA and the acetylated product. It possesses N1-acetyltransferase activity toward polyamine substrates including spermidine, spermine, aminopropylcadaverine, norspermidine, homospermidine, N(8)-acetylspermidine, diaminopropane and agmatine. | Acetyltransferase_1 |
| ENTRAF0014 | tenA | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Catalyzes an amino-pyrimidine hydrolysis reaction at the C5' of the pyrimidine moiety of thiamine compounds, a reaction that is part of a thiamine salvage pathway. Thus, catalyzes the conversion of 4-amino-5-aminomethyl-2-methylpyrimidine to 4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine (HMP). To a lesser extent, is also able to catalyze the hydrolytic cleavage of thiamine; however, this thiaminase activity is unlikely to be physiologically relevant. Therefore, is involved in the regeneration of the thiamine pyrimidine from thiamine degraded products present in the environment, rather than in thiamine degradation. | TENA_THI-4 |
| ENTRAF0015 | ssb | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Single-stranded DNA-binding protein | SSB |
| ENTRAF0016 | fadR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Transcriptional regulator in fatty acid degradation. Represses transcription of genes required for fatty acid transport and beta-oxidation, including acdA, fadA, fadB, fadE, fadF, fadG, fadH, fadM, fadN, lcfA and lcfB. Binding of FadR to DNA is specifically inhibited by long chain fatty acyl-CoA compounds of 14-20 carbon atoms in length. | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0017 | pyrR | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Regulates the transcription of the pyrimidine nucleotide (pyr) operon in response to exogenous pyrimidines. | Pribosyltransferase |
| ENTRAF0018 | mtrB | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Required for transcription attenuation control in the trp operon. This trans-acting factor binds to trinucleotide repeats (GAG or UAG) located in the trp leader transcript causing transcription termination. Binds the leader RNA only in presence of L-tryptophan. | TrpBP |
| ENTRAF0019 | tenI | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Catalyzes the irreversible aromatization of 2-((2R,5Z)-2-carboxy-4-methylthiazol-5(2H)-ylidene)ethyl phosphate (cThz*-P) to 2-(2-carboxy-4-methylthiazol-5-yl)ethyl phosphate (cThz-P), a step in the biosynthesis of the thiazole phosphate moiety of thiamine. Cannot use cThz* as substrate, indicating that the phosphate group is essential. Has no thiamine phosphate synthase activity, despite a high sequence similarity with ThiE. | TMP-TENI |
| ENTRAF0020 | spxA | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Interferes with activator-stimulated transcription by interaction with the RNA polymerase alpha-CTD. May function to globally reduce transcription of genes involved in growth- and development-promoting processes and to increase transcription of genes involved in thiol homeostasis, during periods of extreme stress. Negatively affects competence and sporulation. Its degradation by the MecA/ClpXP complex is needed for competence development. | ArsC |
| ENTRAF0021 | devR | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Member of the two-component regulatory system DevR/DevS (DosR/DosS) involved in onset of the dormancy response. When phosphorylated binds the promoter of at least its own and Acr (hspX) gene in response to hypoxia. Activates its own transcription under hypoxic but not aerobic conditions, probably binds as a dimer to tandem binding sites within the devR and hspX promoters. Accepts a phosphate group from DevS (DosS) and from DosT. | GerE |
| ENTRAF0022 | lrpC | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Transcriptional regulator with a possible role in regulation of amino acid metabolism. Plays a role in the growth phase transition. | AsnC |
| ENTRAF0023 | walR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Member of the two-component regulatory system WalK/WalR involved in the regulation of the ftsAZ operon, the yocH, ykvT, cwlO, lytE, ydjM, yjeA, yoeB genes and the tagAB and tagDEF operons. Binds to the ftsAZ P1 promoter sequence in vitro. WalR has been shown to directly bind to the regulatory regions of yocH, ykvT, tagAB/tagDEF. Activates cwlO, lytE and ydjM and represses yoeB and yjeA. | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0024 | perR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Hydrogen and organic peroxide sensor. Represses the expression of a regulon of peroxide-inducible genes such as katA, ahpC, ahpF, the heme biosynthesis operon (hemAXCDBL), fur, perR, zosA and mrgA. | FUR |
| ENTRAF0025 | embR | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Positively regulates the transcription of the embCAB operon. Exhibits ATPase and GTPase activities. | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0026 | hpr | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Negative regulator of protease production and sporulation. Acts by binding directly to the promoter of protease genes (aprE and nprE), and by repressing oligopeptide permease operons (appABCDF and oppABCDF), thereby preventing uptake of oligopeptides required for initiation of sporulation. Acts with SinR as a corepressor of epr expression. | MarR |
| ENTRAF0027 | blaI | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcription regulator that binds to an inverted DNA repeat with the consensus sequence 5'-TAC[GT]AC-NNNNN-GT[AC]GTA-3' and regulates genes involved in antibiotic transport, detoxification and cell wall function. Also regulates its own transcription. Binds DNA as a dimer. | Penicillinase_R |
| ENTRAF0028 | mtrA | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Member of the two-component regulatory system MtrA/MtrB. Binds direct repeat motifs of sequence 5'-GTCACAGCG-3', phosphorylation confers higher affinity. Overexpression decreases bacteria viability upon infection of human THP-1 macrophage cell line, due at least in part to impaired blockage of phagosome-lysosome fusion (upon infection bacteria usually remain in phagosomes). Infecting C57BL/6 mice with an overexpressing strain leads to an attentuated infection in both spleen and lungs. The level of dnaA mRNA increases dramatically. Binds the promoter of dnaA, fbpD, ripA and itself, as well as oriC, which it may regulate. Upon co-overexpression of MrtA and MtrB growth in macrophages is partially restored, dnaA expression is not induced, although mouse infections are still attenuated, suggesting that bacterial growth in macrophages requires an optimal ratio of MtrB to MtrA. | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0029 | csoR | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Copper-sensitive repressor that has a key role in copper homeostasis. It is part of the cso operon involved in the cellular response to increasing concentrations of copper inside the bacterium, which can be highly toxic. In the presence of copper, CsoR fully dissociates from the promoter in the cso operon, leading to the transcription of its genes. Binds to a GC-rich pseudopallindromic sequence, 5'-GTAGCCCACCCCCAGTGGGGTGGGA-3', in the cso promoter region. | Trns_repr_metal |
| ENTRAF0030 | yurK | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Transcriptional regulator YurK | GntR |
| ENTRAF0031 | cmtR | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Metal-responsive transcriptional repressor for the cmt operon. Binding of cadmium or lead causes the repressor to dissociate from the DNA. | ArsR |
| ENTRAF0032 | Rv2175c | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Binds DNA at low salt concentrations. | - |
| ENTRAF0033 | lsr2 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | DNA-bridging protein that has both architectural and regulatory roles. Influences the organization of chromatin and gene expression by binding non-specifically to DNA, with a preference for AT-rich sequences, and bridging distant DNA segments. Binds in the minor groove of AT-rich DNA. Represses expression of multiple genes involved in a broad range of cellular processes, including major virulence factors or antibiotic-induced genes, such as iniBAC or efpA, and genes important for adaptation of changing O(2) levels. May coordinate global gene regulation and virulence. Also protects mycobacteria against reactive oxygen intermediates during macrophage infection by acting as a physical barrier to DNA degradation; the physical protection has been questioned. | Lsr2 |
| ENTRAF0034 | Rv1404 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | MarR |
| ENTRAF0035 | zur | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Global transcriptional regulator involved in zinc homeostasis. Represses the transcription of at least 32 genes, including genes involved in zinc homeostasis, by binding to promoter sequences that contain a conserved 26 bp palindrome, in the presence of zinc. | FUR |
| ENTRAF0036 | regX3 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Forms part of a two-component regulatory system regX3/senX3. | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0037 | argR | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Regulates arginine biosynthesis genes. | ArgR |
| ENTRAF0038 | crp | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Global transcriptional regulator that complexes with cAMP and binds to specific DNA promoter sites, causing DNA-bending, to regulate transcription. cAMP improves binding to specific DNA sequences, probably by altering protein conformation. The CRP regulon is predicted to contain about 115 genes. Some genes are activated by CRP (rpfA, whiB1) while others are repressed (fadD10). There are 2 CRP-binding sites in the promoter of whiB1, at low concentrations of CRP with or without cAMP transcription of whiB1 is enhanced via site CRP1, then repressed as site CRP2 is filled. | Crp |
| ENTRAF0039 | narL | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Probable member of the two-component regulatory system NarS/NarL. | GerE |
| ENTRAF0040 | Rv1985c | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | HTH-type Transcriptional regulator Rv1985c | LysR |
| ENTRAF0041 | kstR | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Controls the expression of genes used for utilizing diverse lipids as energy sources. | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0042 | espR | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Virulence regulator that has both architectural and regulatory roles. Impacts cell wall functions and pathogenesis through regulation of multiple genes, including the espACD operon, which is a key ESX-1 component. Influences target gene expression positively or negatively, depending on its binding position relative to the genes it controls. Acts by binding directly to the DNA. May play a central role in regulating virulence gene expression. | SinR |
| ENTRAF0043 | phoP | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Two component system response Transcriptional positive regulator PhoP | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0044 | Rv3066 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0045 | ogt | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Involved in the cellular defense against the biological effects of O6-methylguanine (O6-MeG) and O4-methylthymine (O4-MeT) in DNA. Repairs the methylated nucleobase in DNA by stoichiometrically transferring the methyl group to a cysteine residue in the enzyme. This is a suicide reaction: the enzyme is irreversibly inactivated. | DNA_binding_1 |
| ENTRAF0046 | vapB15 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Antitoxin component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) module. Upon expression in M. smegmatis neutralizes the effect of cognate toxin VapC15. Partially inhibits the RNase activity of VapC15. | VapB_antitoxin |
| ENTRAF0047 | pknH | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | May regulate bacterial growth in response to external signals to facilitate adaptation to the host environment. In vitro, phosphorylates several substrates such as EmbR, DevR (DosR), DacB1 and Rv0681. | Protein kinase superfamily, Ser/Thr protein kinase family |
| ENTRAF0048 | gabR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Activates the transcription of the gabTD operon. Is also a repressor of its own expression, both in the presence and absence of GABA. Binds specifically to the DNA region overlapping the -35 region of the gabT promoter and the -10 and +1 regions of the gabR promoter. Principally regulates the utilization of gamma-aminobutyrate. | GntR |
| ENTRAF0049 | mmpR5 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Controls the expression level of the Mmps2-MmpL2, MmpS4-MmpL4, and MmpS5-MmpL5 transport systems. Also controls its own expression. Acts by binding directly to the promoter regions. | Mj223 |
| ENTRAF0050 | Rv1219c | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Regulates the expression of the Rv1217c-Rv1218c multidrug efflux system and its own expression. Acts by binding to promoter regions of Rv1219c and upstream of the Rv1218c gene. Important for survival in prolonged stationary phase and during macrophage infection. | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0051 | Rv0818 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0052 | birA | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Biotin operon repressor + biotin--[acetyl-CoA-carboxylase] synthetase (Biotin--protein ligase) | BirA |
| ENTRAF0053 | deoR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Negative regulator of the dra-nupC-pdp operon. DeoR binds cooperatively to the operator DNA, which consists of a palindrome and a direct repeat sequence located 3' to the palindrome. | Homeodomain-like |
| ENTRAF0054 | Rv2779c | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | AsnC |
| ENTRAF0055 | glnR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Transcription repressor that represses many genes including ureABC and tnrA, during nitrogen excess. On the contrary of the MerR members, which require longer DNA sites for high-affinity binding, GlnR requires a DNA sequence of 17 nucleotides as minimal binding site. | MerR |
| ENTRAF0056 | dnaA | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Plays an important role in the initiation and regulation of chromosomal replication. Binds to the origin of replication; it binds specifically double-stranded DNA at a 9 bp consensus (dnaA box): 5'-TTATC[CA]A[CA]A-3'. DnaA binds to ATP and to acidic phospholipids. DnaA can inhibit its own gene expression as well as that of other genes. | Bac_DnaA |
| ENTRAF0057 | kstR2 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Controls the expression of a small regulon that may play a role in the utilization of cholesterol. | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0058 | Rv0880 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulator Rv0880 | MarR |
| ENTRAF0059 | Rv0302 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0060 | Rv1816 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulator Rv1816 | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0061 | Rv3249c | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0062 | Rv2887 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulator Rv2887 | MarR |
| ENTRAF0063 | yvcP | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Member of the two-component regulatory system YvcQ/YvcP. | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0064 | ganR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Negatively regulates expression of ganA. | GalR/LacI |
| ENTRAF0065 | ntdR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Positively regulates the ntdABC operon and negatively regulates its own transcription. Binds to NTD to induce ntdABC transcription. | GalR/LacI |
| ENTRAF0066 | azlB | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Transcriptional repressor of the azlBCD operon involved in branched-chain amino acid transport. | AsnC |
| ENTRAF0067 | fatR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Negatively regulates the transcription of the fatR-cypB operon. Is displaced from its operator by a range of fatty acids such as oleate, linoleate and phytanate, thereby allowing transcription of the fatR-cypB operon. | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0068 | yetL | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Transcriptional regulator | MarR |
| ENTRAF0069 | mhqR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Negatively regulates mhqA, mhqED, mhqNOP, and azoR2 which may contribute to the degradation of aromatic compounds. | MarR |
| ENTRAF0070 | fruR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Transcriptional regulator FruR | DeoR |
| ENTRAF0071 | pucR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Activates the expression of pucFG, pucH, pucI, pucJKLM and guaD, while it represses pucABCDE and its own expression. | HTH_30 |
| ENTRAF0072 | liaR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Member of the two-component regulatory system LiaS/LiaR probably involved in response to a subset of cell wall-active antibiotics that interfere with the lipid II cycle in the cytoplasmic membrane (bacitracin, nisin, ramoplanin and vancomycin). Seems also involved in response to cationic antimicrobial peptides and secretion stress. LiaR regulates the transcription of the liaIHGFSR operon. | GerE |
| ENTRAF0073 | yvaP | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Transcriptional regulator | HxlR |
| ENTRAF0074 | sdpR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Represses the transcription of the sdpIR operon and of several other operons that probably contribute to delaying commitment to sporulation. | ArsR |
| ENTRAF0075 | med | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Positive activator of the comK gene. | BMP lipoprotein |
| ENTRAF0076 | ylbO | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Spore coat protein regulator protein | Myb_DNA-bind_6 |
| ENTRAF0077 | lmrA | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Acts as repressor of the lincomycin-resistance (lmrAB) and yxaGH operons. | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0078 | ykuM | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Transcriptional repressor of citB and citZ | LysR |
| ENTRAF0079 | ytlI | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Positively regulates the expression of ytmI operon in response to the availability of sulfur sources. | LysR |
| ENTRAF0080 | hupA | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Histone-like DNA-binding protein which is capable of wrapping DNA to stabilize it, and thus to prevent its denaturation under extreme environmental conditions. Binds evenly across chromosome, does not display a preference for AT content. | Bac_DNA_binding |
| ENTRAF0081 | birA | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Acts both as a biotin--[acetyl-CoA-carboxylase] ligase and a repressor. | BirA |
| ENTRAF0082 | gntR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Transcriptional repressor of the gluconate operon (gntRKPZ), which encodes the proteins for gluconate utilization. Represses mRNA synthesis by binding to the gnt operator; the binding is suppressed by gluconate or glucono-delta-lactone. | GntR |
| ENTRAF0083 | degU | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Member of the two-component regulatory system DegS/DegU, which plays an important role in the transition growth phase. Involved in the control of expression of different cellular functions, including production of degradative enzymes such as the neutral and alkaline proteases, flagellum formation, biofilm formation, and competence for DNA uptake. Positively or negatively regulates expression of many different genes. The phosphorylated form is required for synthesis of degradative enzymes, flagellum formation and biofilm formation. The unphosphorylated form is required for expression of genetic competence, via induction of comK. | GerE |
| ENTRAF0084 | adaA | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Is involved in the adaptive response to alkylation damage in DNA caused by alkylating agents. Repairs the methylphosphotriester lesions in DNA by a direct and irreversible transfer of the methyl group to one of its own cysteine residues.; The methylation of AdaA by methylphosphotriesters in DNA leads to its activation as a transcriptional regulator that activates the transcription of the ada operon which consists of adaA and adaB, and of the adjacent gene alkA. | AraC/XylS |
| ENTRAF0085 | gltC | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Positive regulator of glutamate biosynthesis (gltAB genes). Negatively regulates its own expression. | LysR |
| ENTRAF0086 | senS | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Regulates the expression of extracellular-protein genes of Bacillus subtilis. | - |
| ENTRAF0087 | levR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Involved in positive regulation of the levanase operon which comprises the levDEFG genes for a fructose PTS system, and sacA for levanase. | Z-DNA binding domain |
| ENTRAF0088 | hrcA | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Negative regulator of class I heat shock genes (grpE-dnaK-dnaJ and groELS operons). Prevents heat-shock induction of these operons. | HrcA |
| ENTRAF0089 | sacT | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Mediates positive regulation of the sacPA operon by functioning as an antiterminator factor of transcription. | BglG-like antiterminator proteins |
| ENTRAF0090 | glpP | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Regulates expression of the glpD operon. In the presence of glycerol 3-phosphate (G3P) causes antitermination of transcription of glpD at the inverted repeat of the leader region to enhance its transcription. Binds and stabilizes glpD leader mRNA. May also regulate expression of the glpFK operon. | - |
| ENTRAF0091 | lexA | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Represses dinA, dinB, dinC, recA genes and itself by binding to the 14 bp palindromic sequence 5'-CGAACNNNNGTTCG-3'; some genes have a tandem consensus sequence and their binding is cooperative. In the presence of single-stranded DNA, RecA interacts with LexA causing an autocatalytic cleavage which disrupts the DNA-binding part of LexA, leading to derepression of the SOS regulon and eventually DNA repair; autocleavage is maximal at pH 11 in the absence of RecA and ssDNA. | LexA |
| ENTRAF0092 | resD | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Member of the two-component regulatory system ResD/ResE. Required for the expression of resA, ctaA, qcrABC and fnr; activation role in global regulation of aerobic and anaerobic respiration. | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0093 | citR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Negative regulatory protein for the citA gene for citrate synthase I. | LysR |
| ENTRAF0094 | gutR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Activator of the glucitol dehydrogenase gene (gutB). | MalII |
| ENTRAF0095 | nadR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | In the presence of nicotinic acid represses transcription of the nadBCA and nifS-nadR operons. Also binds to DNA upstream of the niaP gene, probably regulating it as well. May bind nicotinic acid. | BirA |
| ENTRAF0096 | xpf | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Positive regulatory protein that acts at the late promoter PL. | Sigma70_r4_2 |
| ENTRAF0097 | bltR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Activates transcription of the blt gene in response to structurally dissimilar drugs. | MerR |
| ENTRAF0098 | glnK | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Member of the two-component regulatory system GlnK/GlnL that positively regulates the expression of the glsA-glnT operon in response to glutamine. It seems that autophosphorylated GlnK transfers a phosphoryl group to GlnL, which positively regulates the expression of the glsA-glnT operon. Interaction between GlnK-AmtB complex and TnrA protects TnrA from proteolytic degradation. | - |
| ENTRAF0099 | hxlR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Positive regulator of hxlAB expression. | HxlR |
| ENTRAF0100 | kipR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Transcriptional repressor of the kip gene-containing operon. | IclR |
| ENTRAF0101 | yqaE | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Transcriptional regulator; skin element | SinR |
| ENTRAF0102 | licR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Positive regulator of the licABCH operon. | BirA |
| ENTRAF0103 | iolR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Iol operon repressor. | DeoR |
| ENTRAF0104 | fnr | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | It is involved in the activation of genes necessary for anaerobic respiration. | Crp |
| ENTRAF0105 | kdgR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Transcriptional repressor of the kdgRKAT and kduID operons for pectin utilization. | GalR/LacI |
| ENTRAF0106 | salA | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Binds and transfers iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters to target apoproteins. Can hydrolyze ATP. | Mrp/NBP35 ATP-binding proteins family |
| ENTRAF0107 | yrkP | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Member of the two-component regulatory system YrkQ/YrkP. | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0108 | yqfL | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Bifunctional serine/threonine kinase and phosphorylase involved in the regulation of the pyruvate, phosphate dikinase (PPDK) by catalyzing its phosphorylation/dephosphorylation. | Pyruvate, phosphate/water dikinase regulatory protein |
| ENTRAF0109 | yqiR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Transcriptional regulator | Fis |
| ENTRAF0110 | fur | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Iron uptake repressor. Acts on the transcription of ferri-siderophore uptake genes. | FUR |
| ENTRAF0111 | glvR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Positive regulator of the glv operon expression, which consists of GlvA, GlvR and GlvC. | RpiR |
| ENTRAF0112 | yclJ | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Could be member of the two-component regulatory system YclK/YclJ. | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0113 | xylR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Transcriptional repressor of xylose-utilizing enzymes. | ROK |
| ENTRAF0114 | gltR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Positive regulator of glutamate biosynthesis (gltAB genes). Negatively regulates its own expression. | LysR |
| ENTRAF0115 | yvrH | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Member of the two-component regulatory system YvrG/YvrH that positively regulates 7 transcriptional units (wprA, wapA-yxxG, dltABCDE, sunA, sunT-bdbA-yolJ-bdbB, sigO-rsoA, and sigX-rsiX), and negatively regulates the lytABC operon. | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0116 | dctR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Member of the two-component regulatory system DctS/DctR. Essential for expression of dctP. | DeoR |
| ENTRAF0117 | lrpA | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Negative regulation of glyA transcription and kinB-dependent sporulation. | AsnC |
| ENTRAF0118 | lrpB | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Negative regulation of glyA transcription and kinB-dependent sporulation. | AsnC |
| ENTRAF0119 | ydfI | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Member of the two-component regulatory system YdfH/YdfI. Regulates the transcription of ydfJ by binding to its promoter region. | GerE |
| ENTRAF0120 | tagU | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Plays an attenuator role for both its own and lytABC operon expression, and thus regulates the expression of the major autolytic amidase of B.subtilis. | LytTR |
| ENTRAF0121 | alsR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Regulates the expression of the alsSD operon for acetoin biosynthesis. | LysR |
| ENTRAF0122 | ansR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Transcriptional repressor for the ans operon coding for L-asparaginase and L-aspartase. NH4(+) may influence this repression. | SinR |
| ENTRAF0123 | exuR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Transcriptional repressor for the exu locus which is required for galacturonate utilization. | GalR/LacI |
| ENTRAF0124 | Rv0674 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulator | PaaX |
| ENTRAF0125 | Rv3488 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcription regulation and metal-detoxifying functions through which it may enhance intracellular survival of mycobacteria. Binds to its own promoter region and to the Rv1999c promoter region. It displays strong affinity for cadmium ions, but can also bind zinc, manganese and nickel. Expression increases the intracellular survival of recombinant M. smegmatis in murine macrophage cell line and increases its tolerance to cadmium ions. | PadR |
| ENTRAF0126 | Rv3050c | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0127 | sirR | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional repressor SirR | DtxR/MntR |
| ENTRAF0128 | Rv1049 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional repressor protein | MarR |
| ENTRAF0129 | lrpA | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | AsnC |
| ENTRAF0130 | Rv3678c | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | - |
| ENTRAF0131 | moxR2 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Methanol dehydrogenase transcriptional regulatory protein MoxR2 | - |
| ENTRAF0132 | oxyS | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Oxidative stress response regulatory protein OxyS | LysR |
| ENTRAF0133 | trcR | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Two component Transcriptional regulator TrcR | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0134 | Rv1473A | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | - |
| ENTRAF0135 | Rv0275c | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0136 | moaR1 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Acts as a positive transcriptional regulator of the molybdopterin biosynthesis moa1 locus, promoting the expression of the moaA1B1C1D1 genes. Binds directly to the moaA1 promoter. | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0137 | Rv2506 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0138 | Rv0348 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | - |
| ENTRAF0139 | hspR | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Heat shock protein transcriptional repressor HspR | MerR |
| ENTRAF0140 | Rv1152 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | GntR |
| ENTRAF0141 | Rv1773c | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | IclR |
| ENTRAF0142 | Rv0330c | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | HTH tetR-type domain-containing protein | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0143 | tcrA | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Member of the three-protein two-component system HK1/HK2/TcrA. | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0144 | Rv0324 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | HTH_20 |
| ENTRAF0145 | Rv1776c | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0146 | Rv0339c | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | GerE |
| ENTRAF0147 | Rv1167c | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0148 | Rv1186c | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | HTH_30 |
| ENTRAF0149 | Rv1460 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | AsnC |
| ENTRAF0150 | Rv2488c | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | GerE |
| ENTRAF0151 | Rv2989 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | IclR |
| ENTRAF0152 | Rv3160c | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0153 | moxR3 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Methanol dehydrogenase transcriptional regulatory protein | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0154 | Rv3167c | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0155 | Rv3173c | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0156 | whiB2 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Acts as a transcriptional regulator. Probably redox-responsive. The apo- but not holo-form probably binds DNA (By similarity). | Whib |
| ENTRAF0157 | Rv3334 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | MerR |
| ENTRAF0158 | Rv2017 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | SinR |
| ENTRAF0159 | higA2 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Putative antitoxin component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) module. Its cognate toxin would be HigB2. | HTH_37 |
| ENTRAF0160 | Rv2034 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism and hypoxic response. Positively regulates transcription of various genes, such as phoP, groEL2 and dosR. Negatively regulates its own transcription. Acts by binding to a specific palindromic sequence motif in promoter regions. | ArsR |
| ENTRAF0161 | Rv0067c | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0162 | Rv0158 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0163 | Rv0195 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Two component transcriptional regulatory protein | GerE |
| ENTRAF0164 | Rv0238 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0165 | Rv0576 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | ArsR |
| ENTRAF0166 | Rv0681 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0167 | kmtR | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Represses expression of Rv2025c and its own expression. Acts by binding to the promoter regions. | ArsR |
| ENTRAF0168 | Rv1674c | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | ArsR |
| ENTRAF0169 | Rv3736 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | AraC/XylS |
| ENTRAF0170 | nmtR | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Represses transcription of ctpJ/nmtA, by binding to its promoter region. | ArsR |
| ENTRAF0171 | tcrX | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Member of the two-component regulatory system TcrY/TcrX. | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0172 | Rv0273c | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0173 | whiB5 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | A transcription factor that is probably redox-responsive. Probably plays a role in immunomodulation and reactivation after chronic infection. Its induction results in transcription of a number of genes including sigM, and the genes for 2 type VII secretion systems ESX-2 and ESX-4. Seems to negatively regulate its own expression. The apo-form has been shown to act as a protein disulfide reductase. The apo- but not holo-form probably binds DNA. | Whib |
| ENTRAF0174 | Rv2827c | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | AbiEi 1 domain-containing protein regulatory protein | Rv2827c N-terminal domain-like |
| ENTRAF0175 | Rv0042c | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | MarR |
| ENTRAF0176 | Rv0047c | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | PadR |
| ENTRAF0177 | Rv2324 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | AsnC |
| ENTRAF0178 | Rv2642 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | ArsR |
| ENTRAF0179 | Rv1719 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | IclR |
| ENTRAF0180 | Rv3058c | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0181 | Rv0260c | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0182 | mce3R | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Mce3R represses the transcription of mce3 operon and downregulates its own expression, but does not affect the transcription of mce1, mce2 and mce4 operons. | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0183 | Rv1931c | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Controls the expression of genes important for virulence. | AraC/XylS |
| ENTRAF0184 | Rv3833 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | AraC/XylS |
| ENTRAF0185 | Rv3830c | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0186 | Rv1019 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0187 | nadR | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein NadR | - |
| ENTRAF0188 | Rv0135c | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0189 | Rv0144 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0190 | Rv0653c | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0191 | whiB6 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Acts as a transcriptional regulator. Probably redox-responsive. The apo- but not holo-form probably binds DNA (By similarity). The apo-form has been shown to act as a protein disulfide reductase. | Whib |
| ENTRAF0192 | whiB4 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Redox-responsive transcriptional regulator that regulates a set of genes involved in protection against environmental stresses encountered during infection. The loss of the O(2) and NO-responsive 4Fe-4S cluster and subsequent redox modifications of Cys residue thiols (possibly by disulfide bond formation) may activate its role in gene regulation. The thiol-oxidized apo-form binds in a sequence non-specific manner to GC-rich DNA, probably in the minor groove. Represses transcription of a number of genes including itself. The reduced apo-form and holo-form do not bind DNA. The apo-form can act as protein disulfide reductase. | Whib |
| ENTRAF0193 | whiB3 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | A redox-sensitive transcriptional regulator. Maintains intracellular redox homeostasis by regulating catabolic metabolism and polyketide biosynthesis. Regulates expression of the redox buffer ergothioneine (ERG) in a carbon-source-dependent manner; loss of ERG or mycothiol (MSH, the other major redox buffer in this bacteria) leads to respiratory alterations and bioenergetic deficiencies that negatively impact virulence. In response to low external pH (like that found in host macrophage phagosomes) alters endogenous gene expression leading to acid resistance; MSH and WhiB3 are probably part of a regulatory circuit that mediates gene expression upon acid stress. Regulates pathogenic lipid synthesis, coordinating proprionate flux (and other host-derived fatty acid oxidation intermediates) into methyl-branched fatty acids (polyacyltrehalose, phthiocerol dimycocerosates, sulfolipids) and the storage lipid triacylglycerol, functioning as reductive sinK. During intracellular growth M.tuberculosis uses host fatty acids as an energy source, generating large quantities of proprionate and NADH/NADPH, which are toxic and highly reducing respectively. WhiB3 is thought to help dissipate proprionate and NADH/NADPH by switching to the in vivo carbon source and via lipid anabolism. Responds to NO and O(2). Regulates expression of genes encoding modular polyketide synthases such as pks2, pks3 and fbpA. The oxidized apo-form of WhiB3 binds DNA (with 2 intramolecular disulfide bonds); holo-WhiB3 (with the 4Fe-4S cluster) binds DNA considerably less well. Discriminates poorly between specific and non-specific DNA-binding. Plays a role in virulence and nutritional stress. In its apo-form can act as a protein disulfide reductase. | Whib |
| ENTRAF0194 | whiB1 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Acts as a transcriptional repressor, inhibiting expression in vitro. Probably redox-responsive. The apo- but not holo-form binds to its own promoter as well as that of groEL2. Oxidized apo-form and nitrosylated holo-form also bind DNA. The apo-form has been shown to act as a protein disulfide reductase, but also not to act as a protein disulfide reductase. | Whib |
| ENTRAF0195 | whiA | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | May be required for sporulation. | WhiA |
| ENTRAF0196 | mprA | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Member of the two-component regulatory system MprB/MprA which contributes to maintaining a balance among several systems involved in stress resistance and is required for establishment and maintenance of persistent infection in the host. Functions as a transcriptional regulator that recognizes a 19-bp nucleotide motif comprizing two loosely conserved 8-bp direct DNA-binding motif repeats separated by a 3-bp spacer region. MprB/MprA is involved in regulation of numerous stress-responsive genes, including up-regulation of two sigma factors, sigE and sigB as well as pepD and mprA, and repression of multiple genes from regulons associated with hypoxia, starvation and iron metabolism. The majority of genes regulated by MprB/MprA under a particular stress condition are different from those induced during normal growth, but several genes are commonly regulated under more than one condition. | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0197 | kdpE | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Involved in the regulation of the kdp operon. | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0198 | lexA | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Represses a number of genes involved in the response to DNA damage (SOS response), including recA and lexA. Has been shown to bind to the 14 bp palindromic sequence 5'-CGAACNNNNGTTCG-3'. In the presence of single-stranded DNA, RecA interacts with LexA causing an autocatalytic cleavage which disrupts the DNA-binding part of LexA, leading to derepression of the SOS regulon and eventually DNA repair. | LexA |
| ENTRAF0199 | pknK | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Key microbial factor involved in regulation of early and late events in tuberculosis infection, and in host-pathogen interactions. Modulates host immunity during early infection. Slows mycobacterial growth during chronic infection in host and during a variety of stress conditions in vitro. Regulates the expression of a large subset of tRNA genes as a means to facilitate adaptation to changing growth environments. In vitro, directs the inhibition of transcription and translation processes in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Phosphorylates the transcriptional regulator VirS, thereby increasing the affinity of VirS for the mycobacterial monooxygenase (mymA) promoter. In vitro, can also phosphorylate the mycobacterial monooxygenase operon products Rv3083 (MymA), Rv3084 (LipR), Rv3085 and Rv3088. | Protein kinase superfamily, Ser/Thr protein kinase family |
| ENTRAF0200 | higA1 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Antitoxin component of an atypical, type II toxin-antitoxin chaperone (TAC) module. Upon expression in M.smegmatis neutralizes the effect of cognate toxin HigB1. Neutralization of HigB1 toxin in E.coli or M.marinum also requires SecB-like chaperone Rv1957, making this the first toxin-antitoxin chaperone (TAC) system. Antitoxin aggregation and degradation are prevented by the chaperone. | SinR |
| ENTRAF0201 | lprD | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Lipoprotein LprD | - |
| ENTRAF0202 | Rv0485 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Positively regulates the expression of PE13 and PPE18. Can also regulate expression of some other genes. Plays a role in modulation of innate immune responses. | ROK |
| ENTRAF0203 | Rv2011c | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatorRv2011c | MarR |
| ENTRAF0204 | Rv1990c | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatorRv1990c | EDF1-like |
| ENTRAF0205 | Rv1359 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatorRv1359 | - |
| ENTRAF0206 | Rv1332 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulatorRv1332 | - |
| ENTRAF0207 | mftR | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | May regulate a gene cluster involved in mycofactocin expression. Mycofactocin is a conserved polypeptide that might serve as an electron carrier. | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0208 | Rv3405c | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Negatively regulates its own expression and that of the neighboring sulfatase Rv3406. | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0209 | Rv2250c | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | HTH-type Transcriptional regulator Rv2250c | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0210 | Rv2912c | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | HTH-type Transcriptional regulator Rv2912c | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0211 | Rv1556 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | HTH-type Transcriptional regulator Rv1556 | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0212 | Rv1353c | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Negatively regulates the expression of the efflux pump Rv0191 upon chloramphenicol exposure. Acts by binding to the Rv0191 promoter region. | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0213 | Rv1255c | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | HTH-type Transcriptional regulator Rv1255c | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0214 | Rv0767c | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | HTH-type Transcriptional regulator Rv0767c | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0215 | Rv0472c | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | HTH-type Transcriptional regulator Rv0472c | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0216 | Rv1287 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | HTH-type Transcriptional regulator Rv1287 | Rrf2 |
| ENTRAF0217 | Rv1828 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulator that binds to its own promoter and thus may play a role in the regulation of the cotranscribed genes Rv1827 and Rv1828. Can also bind several promoter regions of genes that are essential, including ftsZ. Binds to the imperfect everted repeat sequence CTCAA through its winged-HTH motif. | MerR |
| ENTRAF0218 | mce2R | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Negatively regulates the expression of its operon as well as expression of end (endonuclease 4). | GntR |
| ENTRAF0219 | Rv0494 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | HTH-type Transcriptional regulator Rv0494 | GntR |
| ENTRAF0220 | Rv0043c | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | HTH-type Transcriptional regulator Rv0043c | GntR |
| ENTRAF0221 | clgR | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Overexpression leads to expression of the clp regulon (ClpP1, ClpP2 and ClpC1). | HTH_31 |
| ENTRAF0222 | Rv0474 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | HTH-type Transcriptional regulator Rv0474 | SinR |
| ENTRAF0223 | ramB | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Involved in the control of the glyoxylate cycle. RamB negatively controls the expression of icl expression during growth on acetate as the sole carbon source. Does not regulate the expression of other genes involved in acetate metabolism. | SinR |
| ENTRAF0224 | Rv0023 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | HTH-type Transcriptional regulator Rv0023 | SinR |
| ENTRAF0225 | smtB | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulator involved in zinc homeostasis. Represses the expression of the smtB-zur operon in the absence of zinc. Could act as the metal sensor that controls the expression of zur in response to zinc availability. | ArsR |
| ENTRAF0226 | Rv0081 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | HTH-type Transcriptional regulator Rv0081 | HTH_20 |
| ENTRAF0227 | Rv1395 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | HTH-type Transcriptional regulator Rv1395 | AraC/XylS |
| ENTRAF0228 | virS | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Regulates the expression of the mymA operon (Rv3083-Rv3089). | AraC/XylS |
| ENTRAF0229 | hrcA | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Negative regulator of class I heat shock genes (grpE-dnaK-dnaJ and groELS operons). Prevents heat-shock induction of these operons. | HrcA |
| ENTRAF0230 | Rv0891c | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulator Rv0891c | Adenylyl cyclase class-4/guanylyl cyclase family |
| ENTRAF0231 | pimA | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Involved in the biosynthesis of phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mannosides (PIM) which are early precursors in the biosynthesis of lipomannans (LM) and lipoarabinomannans (LAM). Catalyzes the addition of a mannosyl residue from GDP-D-mannose (GDP-Man) to the position 2 of the carrier lipid phosphatidyl-myo-inositol (PI) to generate a phosphatidyl-myo-inositol bearing an alpha-1,2-linked mannose residue (PIM1). PimA plays an essential role for growth in macrophages and during both the acute and chronic phases of infection. | Glycosyltransferase group 1 family, Glycosyltransferase 4 subfamily |
| ENTRAF0232 | furA | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Represses transcription of the catalase-peroxidase gene katG and its own transcription by binding to the promoter region in a redox-dependent manner. | FUR |
| ENTRAF0233 | dus | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Catalyzes the synthesis of 5,6-dihydrouridine (D), a modified base found in the D-loop of most tRNAs, via the reduction of the C5-C6 double bond in target uridines. | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0234 | dnaA | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Plays an important role in the initiation and regulation of chromosomal replication. Binds to the origin of replication; it binds specifically double-stranded DNA at a 9 bp consensus (dnaA box): 5'-TTATC[CA]A[CA]A-3'. DnaA binds to ATP and to acidic phospholipids (By similarity). Binds its own promoter. | Bac_DnaA |
| ENTRAF0235 | cspA | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | cold shock protein A | CSD |
| ENTRAF0236 | cyp143 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulator and cytochrome P450 143 (EC 1.14.-.-) | Cytochrome P450 family |
| ENTRAF0237 | Rv2669 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Transcriptional regulator and N-acetyltransferase Rv2669 (EC 2.3.1.-) | Acetyltransferase |
| ENTRAF0238 | griR | Streptomyces griseus | Transcriptional activator for grixazone biosynthesis | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0239 | afsR | Streptomyces venezuelae | Transcriptional regulator AfsR-like protein | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0240 | areB | Streptomyces clavuligerus | Transcriptional regulator AreB | IclR |
| ENTRAF0241 | pimR | Streptomyces natalensis | Transcriptional regulator PimR | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0242 | txtR | Streptomyces scabiei | AraC-family regulatory protein | AraC/XylS |
| ENTRAF0243 | aadR | Rhodopseudomonas palustris (strain ATCC BAA-98 / CGA009) | Transcriptional activator of anaerobic gene expression. For aromatic acid degradation. Also required for the anaerobic degradation of benzoate. | Crp |
| ENTRAF0244 | abh | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Transition state regulator Abh | MazE_antitoxin |
| ENTRAF0245 | abrB | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Ambiactive repressor and activator of the transcription of genes expressed during the transition state between vegetative growth and the onset of stationary phase and sporulation. It controls the expression of genes spovG and tycA. AbrB binds to the tycA promoter region at two A- and T-rich sites, it may be the sole repressor of tycA transcription. | MazE_antitoxin |
| ENTRAF0246 | acnR | Corynebacterium glutamicum (strain ATCC 13032 / DSM 20300 / JCM 1318 / LMG 3730 / NCIMB 10025) | AcnR negatively controls the expression of the aconitase gene acn. Binds to the imperfect inverted repeat in the acn promoter region. | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0247 | acoR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Acts as a transcriptional activator of the acoABCL operon encoding the acetoin dehydrogenase complex. | Fis |
| ENTRAF0248 | acoR | Cupriavidus necator (strain ATCC 17699 / H16 / DSM 428 / Stanier 337) (Ralstonia eutropha) | Required for sigma-54-dependent transcription of acoXABC. | Fis |
| ENTRAF0249 | acuR | Rhodobacter sphaeroides (strain ATCC 17023 / 2.4.1 / NCIB 8253 / DSM 158) | A transcriptional repressor for its operon. Probably binds to 2 operator sequences in the promoter. | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0250 | adcR | Streptococcus pyogenes serotype M6 (strain ATCC BAA-946 / MGAS10394) | Zinc-responsive regulator. | MarR |
| ENTRAF0251 | adhR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Transcriptional regulator involved in the response to aldehyde stress. Binds to the promoter region of the adhA-yraA operon, the yraC and its own promoter region; binding is unchanged in the presence of aldehydes. | MerR |
| ENTRAF0252 | aes | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Displays esterase activity towards short chain fatty esters (acyl chain length of up to 8 carbons). Able to hydrolyze triacetylglycerol (triacetin) and tributyrylglycerol (tributyrin), but not trioleylglycerol (triolein) or cholesterol oleate. Negatively regulates MalT activity by antagonizing maltotriose binding. Inhibits MelA galactosidase activity. | GDXG' lipolytic enzyme |
| ENTRAF0253 | arpA | Streptomyces griseus | Represses adpA expression by binding to the promoter region in the absence of A-factor, causing repression of streptomycin production and of sporulation. | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0254 | afsQ1 | Streptomyces coelicolor (strain ATCC BAA-471 / A3(2) / M145) | Forms part of a two-component regulatory system AfsQ1/AfsQ2 involved in secondary metabolism. | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0255 | afsR | Streptomyces coelicolor (strain ATCC BAA-471 / A3(2) / M145) | Global regulatory protein for secondary metabolite formation. | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0256 | afsR | Streptomyces griseus | Component of the AfsK/AfsR system involved in the response of aerial mycelium formation to glucose. | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0257 | agrA | Staphylococcus aureus | Required for high-level post-exponential phase expression of a series of secreted proteins. | LytTR |
| ENTRAF0258 | albA1 | Sulfolobus shibatae | Binds double-stranded DNA tightly but without sequence specificity. It is distributed uniformly and abundantly on the chromosome, suggesting a role in chromatin architecture. May be involved in DNA compaction. Binds rRNA and mRNA in vivo. May play a role in maintaining the structural and functional stability of RNA, and, perhaps, ribosomes. | Alba |
| ENTRAF0259 | albA1 | Sulfolobus solfataricus (strain ATCC 35092 / DSM 1617 / JCM 11322 / P2) | Binds double-stranded DNA tightly but without sequence specificity. It is distributed uniformly and abundantly on the chromosome, suggesting a role in chromatin architecture. May be involved in DNA compaction. May bind rRNA and mRNA, playing a role in maintaining the structural and functional stability of RNA, and, perhaps, ribosomes. | Alba |
| ENTRAF0260 | algB | Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain ATCC 15692 / DSM 22644 / CIP 104116 / JCM 14847 / LMG 12228 / 1C / PRS 101 / PAO1) | Member of the two-component regulatory system AlgB/KinB involved in regulation of alginate biosynthesis genes. Positive regulator of the alginate biosynthetic gene AlgD. | Fis |
| ENTRAF0261 | alkS | Pseudomonas oleovorans | This protein activates the expression of alkBFGHJKL operon in the presence of alkanes. | GerE |
| ENTRAF0262 | ampR | Citrobacter freundii | Regulates the expression of the beta-lactamase gene. Represses cephalosporinase (AmpC) in the presence of beta-lactams and induces it in the absence of them. | LysR |
| ENTRAF0263 | anr | Pseudomonas protegens (strain DSM 19095 / LMG 27888 / CHA0) | Transcriptional activator of anaerobic gene expression. Regulates the expression of the components of the hydrogen cyanide synthase (HcnABC) in a positive manner. May also act as an iron sensor. | Crp |
| ENTRAF0264 | araR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Transcriptional repressor of the arabinose utilization genes. Also regulates its own expression. Binds to two sequences within the promoters of the araABDLMNPQ-abfA operon and the araE gene, and to one sequence in the araR promoter. | GntR |
| ENTRAF0265 | arcR | Staphylococcus aureus (strain NCTC 8325) | Positively regulates the expression of the arcABDCR operon under anaerobic conditions, by binding to the consensus motif 5'-TGTGAN(6)TCACA-3', thus playing an essential role in arginine catabolism. May also control the expression of genes encoding proteins which are involved in anaerobic metabolism. Can bind cyclic AMP. | Crp |
| ENTRAF0266 | arcR | Staphylococcus aureus (strain N315) | Positively regulates the expression of the arcABDCR operon under anaerobic conditions, thus playing an essential role in arginine catabolism. May also control the expression of genes encoding proteins which are involved in anaerobic metabolism. Can bind cyclic AMP (By similarity). | Crp |
| ENTRAF0267 | arfM | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Activates, in anaerobic conditions, the transcription of the fermentative operons lctEP and alsDS, of the hmp gene encoding a flavohemoglobin-like protein, the nitrite reductase operon nasDE and the heme biosynthesis genes hemN and hemZ. | - |
| ENTRAF0268 | argR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Represses the synthesis of biosynthetic enzymes and activates the arginine catabolism. Controls the transcription of the two operons rocABC and rocDEF. | ArgR |
| ENTRAF0269 | argR | Geobacillus stearothermophilus (Bacillus stearothermophilus) | Regulates arginine biosynthesis genes. | ArgR |
| ENTRAF0270 | argR | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain CDC 1551 / Oshkosh) | Regulates arginine biosynthesis genes. | ArgR |
| ENTRAF0271 | argR | Salmonella typhimurium (strain LT2 / SGSC1412 / ATCC 700720) | Negatively controls the expression of the four operons of arginine biosynthesis in addition to the carAB operon. Predominantly interacts with A/T residues in ARG boxes. | ArgR |
| ENTRAF0272 | argR | Streptococcus gordonii (strain Challis / ATCC 35105 / BCRC 15272 / CH1 / DL1 / V288) | In the presence of arginine, coactivates the transcription of the arcABDC operon, with other regulatory proteins such as ArcR and CcpA. | ArgR |
| ENTRAF0273 | ariR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Probably a connector protein for RcsB/C regulation of biofilm and acid-resistance, providing additional signal input into the two-component signaling pathway. May serve to stimulate biofilm maturation, via the Rcs phosphorelay. Regulates expression of genes involved in acid-resistance and biofilm formation, including the RcsB/C two-component system. May be a non-specific DNA-binding protein that binds genes and/or intergenic regions via a geometric recognition. Also confers resistance to H(2)O(2). Overexpression at 28 and 16 degrees Celsius increases the production of colanic acid, an exopolysaccharide and matrix component, and reduces adhesive curli fimbriae expression. Both of these effects require RcsB; AriR probably acts upstream of the RcsB/C system to stimulate the activity and not transcription of RcsB/C. 5-fluorouracil reduction in biofilm formation requires this protein. | AriR family |
| ENTRAF0274 | arsD | Escherichia coli | Inducer-independent trans-acting repressor of the ars operon. | - |
| ENTRAF0275 | arsR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Transcriptional repressor for the ars operon. | ArsR |
| ENTRAF0276 | aseR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Metal-responsive transcriptional regulator that represses transcription of the aseR-ydfA operon by binding specifically to its promoter. Binding of arsenite or antimonite causes the repressor to dissociate from the DNA. | ArsR |
| ENTRAF0277 | ssfR | Streptomyces griseus subsp. griseus (strain JCM 4626 / NBRC 13350) | IclR-family Transcriptional regulator | IclR |
| ENTRAF0278 | badR | Rhodopseudomonas palustris (strain ATCC BAA-98 / CGA009) | Transcriptional activator of genes for the anaerobic degradation of benzoate. | MarR |
| ENTRAF0279 | basR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Member of the two-component regulatory system BasS/BasR. BasR induces the transcription of the ugd, ais, arnBCADTEF and eptA-basRS loci, all involved in resistance to polymyxin (By similarity). | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0280 | bdcR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Negatively regulates expression of bdcA. | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0281 | benM | Acinetobacter baylyi (strain ATCC 33305 / BD413 / ADP1) | Positive regulator of the ben and cat genes for benzoate degradation. BenM is necessary for ben gene expression but not for expression of the cat genes, which can be regulated by CatM. Binds to the inducers cis,cis-muconate and benzoate. | LysR |
| ENTRAF0282 | bepR | Brucella suis biovar 1 (strain 1330) | Represses expression of bepDE. | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0283 | bigR | Agrobacterium fabrum (strain C58 / ATCC 33970) (Agrobacterium tumefaciens (strain C58)) | Represses an operon that comprises at least itself and blh. Binds to a palindromic AT-rich sequence spanning the -10 region of the blh promoter and blocks transcription of the operon. | HTH_20 |
| ENTRAF0284 | bigR | Xylella fastidiosa (strain 9a5c) | Represses an operon that comprises itself, XF_0764, XF_0765, XF_0766 and blh. Binds to a palindromic AT-rich sequence spanning the -10 region of the blh promoter and blocks transcription of the operon. | HTH_20 |
| ENTRAF0285 | blaA | Streptomyces cacaoi | Positive regulator of the expression of the gene (blaB) for beta-lactamase. It binds to the blaL-blaA intercistronic region. | LysR |
| ENTRAF0286 | blaI | Bacillus licheniformis | Transcriptional repressor that constitutively blocks expression of beta-lactamase. Regulates genes involved in antibiotic resistance. Binds DNA as a dimer. | Penicillinase_R |
| ENTRAF0287 | blaI | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain CDC 1551 / Oshkosh) | Transcription regulator that regulates genes involved in antibiotic transport, detoxification and cell wall function. Also regulates its own transcription. Binds DNA as a dimer. | Penicillinase_R |
| ENTRAF0288 | blaI | Staphylococcus aureus | Transcriptional repressor that constitutively blocks expression of beta-lactamase. Binds DNA as a dimer (By similarity). | Penicillinase_R |
| ENTRAF0289 | bm3R1 | Bacillus megaterium | Negatively controls the expression of the cytochrome p450BM-3 gene at the transcriptional level. | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0290 | bmrR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Activates transcription of the bmr gene in response to structurally dissimilar drugs. Binds rhodamine as an inducer. | MerR |
| ENTRAF0291 | btr | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | In iron-limited conditions, activates expression of the feuABCybbA operon, which encodes the bacillibactin uptake system. Acts by binding directly to a conserved direct repeat element upstream of the feuA promoter. Activity is increased in the presence of bacillibactin. | AraC/XylS |
| ENTRAF0292 | bvgA | Bordetella pertussis (strain Tohama I / ATCC BAA-589 / NCTC 13251) | Member of the two-component regulatory system BvgS/BvgA. Activates the transcription of virulence genes. | GerE |
| ENTRAF0293 | cadC | Staphylococcus aureus | Metal-binding repressor for the cad operon. Involved in resistance to heavy metals, such as cadmium, bismuth, zinc or lead. Binds 2 metal ions per subunit. Metal binding to the N-terminal regulatory site causes the repressor to dissociate from the DNA. | ArsR |
| ENTRAF0294 | catM | Acinetobacter baylyi (strain ATCC 33305 / BD413 / ADP1) | Positively regulates the expression of catA, catBCIJFD and benPK in response to cis,cis-muconate. It binds to the catB-catM intercistronic region, to a specific sequence upstream of catA and to the benPK promoter region. Can also repress pca genes. | LysR |
| ENTRAF0295 | ccdA | Escherichia coli O157:H7 | Antitoxin component of a toxin-antitoxin (TA) module which inhibits the post-segregational killing (PSK) of plasmid-free cells, also referred to as a plasmid addiction system. Binds to and blocks the activity of CcdB; will also remove bound CcdB protein from the CcdB-GyrA complex by forming a CcdA-CcdB complex, a process termed rejuvenation. Functions as a transcriptional corepressor for the ccdAB operon, repression also requires CcdB (By similarity). | CcdA |
| ENTRAF0296 | ccdA | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Antitoxin component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) module which inhibits the post-segregational killing (PSK) of plasmid-free cells, also referred to as a plasmid addiction system. Labile antitoxin with a half-life of about 1 hour in the presence of CcdB. Binds to and blocks the activity of CcdB; will also remove bound CcdB protein from the CcdB-GyrA complex by forming a CcdA-CcdB complex, a process termed rejuvenation. The N-terminal 36 residues are not required for rejuventation. Functions as a transcriptional corepressor for the ccdAB operon, repression also requires CcdB. | CcdA |
| ENTRAF0297 | ccpA | Bacillus megaterium | Global transcriptional regulator of carbon catabolite repression (CCR) and carbon catabolite activation (CCA), which ensures optimal energy usage under diverse conditions. | GalR/LacI |
| ENTRAF0298 | ccpA | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Global transcriptional regulator of carbon catabolite repression (CCR) and carbon catabolite activation (CCA), which ensures optimal energy usage under diverse conditions. Interacts with either P-Ser-HPr or P-Ser-Crh, leading to the formation of a complex that binds to DNA at the catabolite-response elements (cre). Binding to DNA allows activation or repression of many different genes and operons. | GalR/LacI |
| ENTRAF0299 | ccpA | Staphylococcus aureus (strain Mu50 / ATCC 700699) | Global transcriptional regulator of carbon catabolite repression (CCR) and carbon catabolite activation (CCA), which ensures optimal energy usage under diverse conditions. | GalR/LacI |
| ENTRAF0300 | ccpA | Staphylococcus aureus (strain N315) | Global transcriptional regulator of carbon catabolite repression (CCR) and carbon catabolite activation (CCA), which ensures optimal energy usage under diverse conditions. | GalR/LacI |
| ENTRAF0301 | ccpB | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Transcriptional regulator involved in catabolite repression of several operons. | GalR/LacI |
| ENTRAF0302 | ccpN | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Transcription repressor that binds to the promoter of gapB and pckA genes, preventing their expression. Acts as a regulator for catabolite repression of gluconeogenic genes. | BirA |
| ENTRAF0303 | cdhR | Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain ATCC 15692 / DSM 22644 / CIP 104116 / JCM 14847 / LMG 12228 / 1C / PRS 101 / PAO1) | Induces the transcription of the PA5384-PA5388 operon in response to carnitine. This operon is involved in the degradation of L-carnitine, and allows P.aeruginosa to grow on L-carnitine as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen. | AraC/XylS |
| ENTRAF0304 | cfaD | Escherichia coli | Transcriptional activator of the CFA/I adhesin (cfAA) gene of enterotoxygenic escherichia coli at the temperature of 37 degrees Celsius. | AraC/XylS |
| ENTRAF0305 | cggR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | In the absence of glucose, represses the transcription of the gapA operon, which encodes five key glycolytic enzymes. Binds specifically to the cggR-gapA promoter region and blocks the progression of the RNA polymerase, leading to the arrest of the transcription. | PH0730 N-terminal domain-like |
| ENTRAF0306 | citB | Klebsiella pneumoniae | Member of the two-component regulatory system CitA/CitB essential for expression of citrate-specific fermentation genes. Phosphorylated CitB binds to two sites in the citS-citC intergenic region where it probably activates transcription of both genes. | CitT |
| ENTRAF0307 | citT | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Member of the two-component regulatory system CitT/CitS. Regulates the expression of the citM-yflN operon. Phosphorylated CitT binds to the citM promoter to activate the transcription of the citM-yflN operon. | BirA |
| ENTRAF0308 | clp | Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (strain 306) | Global transcriptional regulator that regulates virulence factors production by activating or repressing the expression of a large set of genes in diffusible signal factor (DSF) pathway. | Crp |
| ENTRAF0309 | clp | Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (strain 8004) | Global transcriptional regulator that regulates virulence factors production by activating or repressing the expression of a large set of genes in diffusible signal factor (DSF) pathway. | Crp |
| ENTRAF0310 | comA | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Response regulator in the two-component regulatory system ComP/ComA involved in a major quorum response pathway that regulates the development of genetic competence. Regulates directly the expression of over 20 genes, including genes of the srfA operon, degQ, rapA, rapC, rapE, rapF, etc. Regulates indirectly, through the regulation of comK transcription, the expression of late competence genes. | GerE |
| ENTRAF0311 | cmpR | Synechococcus elongatus (strain PCC 7942) (Anacystis nidulans R2) | Activates transcription of the cmpABCD operon under carbon dioxide-limited conditions. | LysR |
| ENTRAF0312 | cmr | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain CDC 1551 / Oshkosh) | Positively regulates the expression of at least groEL2. Cyclic AMP does not affect transcription in vitro. Metal-responsive transcriptional repressor for the cmt operon. Binding of cadmium or lead causes the repressor to dissociate from the DNA. | Crp |
| ENTRAF0313 | cmtR | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain CDC 1551 / Oshkosh) | Metal-responsive transcriptional repressor for the cmt operon. Binding of cadmium or lead causes the repressor to dissociate from the DNA. | ArsR |
| ENTRAF0314 | codY | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | DNA-binding protein that represses the expression of many genes that are induced as cells make the transition from rapid exponential growth to stationary phase and sporulation. It is a GTP-binding protein that senses the intracellular GTP concentration as an indicator of nutritional limitations. At low GTP concentration it no longer binds GTP and stop to act as a transcriptional repressor. | CodY |
| ENTRAF0315 | codY | Staphylococcus aureus (strain Mu50 / ATCC 700699) | DNA-binding protein that represses the expression of many genes that are induced as cells make the transition from rapid exponential growth to stationary phase. It is a GTP-binding protein that senses the intracellular GTP concentration as an indicator of nutritional limitations. At low GTP concentration it no longer binds GTP and stop to act as a transcriptional repressor. | CodY |
| ENTRAF0316 | codY | Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 4 (strain ATCC BAA-334 / TIGR4) | DNA-binding protein that represses the expression of many genes that are induced as cells make the transition from rapid exponential growth to stationary phase. It is a GTP-binding protein that senses the intracellular GTP concentration as an indicator of nutritional limitations. At low GTP concentration it no longer binds GTP and stop to act as a transcriptional repressor. | CodY |
| ENTRAF0317 | comK | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | A master regulator required for the expression of late competence genes including comC, comE, comG and the bdbDC operon. Receives signals from SrfA, and possibly other regulatory COM genes, and transduces these signals to the late COM genes. Represses transcription of rok. May repress expression of a few genes. | ComK |
| ENTRAF0318 | comR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Represses expression of BhsA/ComC by binding to its promoter region in the absence of copper. | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0319 | cop_6 | Staphylococcus aureus | Acts in trans as a negative regulatory element in pE194 replication. | CopG-like |
| ENTRAF0320 | copG | Streptococcus agalactiae | Regulates the plasmid copy number. Binds to the RepAB promoter thus controlling the synthesis of the plasmid replication initiator protein RepB. | RHH_1 |
| ENTRAF0321 | copR | Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato | Member of the two-component regulatory system CopS/CopR. Involved in the activation of copper resistance gene operon CopABCD. Phosphorylation of CopR by CopS would convert it into an active state to induce expression of the cop operon by binding to a specific site on the cop operon promoter (cop box) and possibly by facilitating the binding of RNA polymerase to the cop promoter. CopR also binds to the chromosomally encoded cop operon promoter. May also be involved in basic copper metabolism. | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0322 | copY | Enterococcus hirae (strain ATCC 9790 / DSM 20160 / JCM 8729 / LMG 6399 / NBRC 3181 / NCIMB 6459 / NCDO 1258) | Acts as a copper responsive repressor. Binds to DNA in complex with Zn(2+), repressing the transcription of the copYZAB operon. Exchange of the bound zinc by two copper ions delivered by CopZ Cu(1+)-bound form causes release of CopY from the promoter, leading to the transcription of the operon. | Penicillinase_R |
| ENTRAF0323 | crp | Escherichia coli O157:H7 | A global transcription regulator. Complexes with cyclic AMP (cAMP) which allosterically activates DNA binding to regulate transcription. It can act as an activator, repressor, coactivator or corepressor. Induces a severe bend in DNA. Acts as a negative regulator of its own synthesis as well as for adenylate cyclase (cyaA), which generates cAMP. Plays a major role in carbon catabolite repression (CCR) (By similarity). | Crp |
| ENTRAF0324 | SC7.0 | Streptomyces clavuligerus (strain ATCC 27064 / DSM 738 / JCM 4710 / NBRC 13307 / NCIMB 12785 / NRRL 3585 / VKM Ac-602) | Cold shock-like protein 7.0 | CSD |
| ENTRAF0325 | cspA | Bacillus cereus | Can bind to ATTGG and CCAAT motifs (Y-box motifs) of single-stranded oligonucleotides. | CSD |
| ENTRAF0326 | cspA | Mycobacterium smegmatis (strain ATCC 700084 / mc(2)155) | Cold shock protein A | CSD |
| ENTRAF0327 | cspB | Bacillus caldolyticus | Affects cell viability at low temperatures. | CSD |
| ENTRAF0328 | cspB | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Binds to the pentamer sequences ATTGG and CCAAT with highest affinity in single-stranded DNA, and also to other sequences. Has greater affinity for ATTGG than CCAAT. Can act as transcriptional activator of cold shock genes by recognizing putative ATTGG-box elements present in promoter regions of genes induced under cold shock conditions. | CSD |
| ENTRAF0329 | cspB | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Cold shock-like protein CspB (CSP-B) | CSD |
| ENTRAF0330 | cspC | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Cold shock-like protein CspC (CSP-C) | CSD |
| ENTRAF0331 | cspD | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Inhibits DNA replication at both initiation and elongation steps, most probably by binding to the opened, single-stranded regions at replication forks. Plays a regulatory role in chromosomal replication in nutrient-depleted cells.; Involved in persister cell formation, acting downstream of mRNA interferase (toxin) MqsR. Overproduction is toxic. | CSD |
| ENTRAF0332 | cspE | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Cold shock-like protein CspE (CSP-E) | CSD |
| ENTRAF0333 | cssR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Member of the two-component regulatory system CssS/CssR required to control the cellular response to secretion stress. | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0334 | ctrA | Brucella abortus biovar 1 (strain 9-941) | Component of a regulatory phosphorelay system that controls B.abortus cell growth, division, and intracellular survival inside mammalian host cells. This signaling pathway is composed of CckA, ChpT, CtrA and CpdR. CtrA is a response regulator substrate of ChpT (By similarity). When phosphorylated, directly regulates the expression of ccrM. Is also probably involved in the transcriptional regulation of rpoD, pleC, minC and ftsE genes. | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0335 | ctsR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Controls the expression of the cellular protein quality control genes clpC, clpE and clpP, as well as mcsA and mcsB. Acts as a repressor of these class III stress genes by binding to a directly repeated heptanucleotide operator sequence (A/GGTCAAA NAN A/GGTCAAA). After heat shock, CtsR is degraded by the ClpCP and ClpEP proteolytic systems, ensuring the derepression of clpE, clpP and the clpC operon. CtsR negatively autoregulates its own synthesis. | CtsR |
| ENTRAF0336 | ctsR | Lactobacillus plantarum (strain ATCC BAA-793 / NCIMB 8826 / WCFS1) | Binds to the ftsH promoter region, leading to repression of its expression. | CtsR |
| ENTRAF0337 | ctsR | Staphylococcus aureus (strain N315) | Negative regulator of clpC, clpB and clpP transcription by binding directly and specifically to their promoter region. | CtsR |
| ENTRAF0338 | cymR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Master repressor of cysteine metabolism in B.subtilis. Controls the expression of genes involved either in cysteine synthesis from sulfide (cysK), sulfonates (ssu), or methionine (mccAB) or in cystine uptake (tcyP). Activity of CymR is positively regulated by CysK in response to cysteine availability. When cysteine is present, the pool of O-acetylserine (OAS) is low, which leads to the formation of a CymR-CysK complex and transcriptional repression of the CymR regulon occurs. In the absence of cysteine, the OAS pool is high and the CymR-CysK complex is mostly dissociated, leading to a faster dissociation of CymR from its DNA targets and the lifting of CymR-dependent repression. | Rrf2 |
| ENTRAF0339 | cysB | Klebsiella pneumoniae | This protein is a positive regulator of gene expression for the cysteine regulon. The inducer for CysB is N-acetylserine. Thiosulfate and sulfide act as anti-inducers. | LysR |
| ENTRAF0340 | cysB | Salmonella typhimurium (strain LT2 / SGSC1412 / ATCC 700720) | This protein is a positive regulator of gene expression for the cysteine regulon, a system of 10 or more loci involved in the biosynthesis of L-cysteine from inorganic sulfate. The inducer for CysB is N-acetylserine. CysB inhibits its own transcription. | LysR |
| ENTRAF0341 | cysL | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Transcriptional activator of the cysJI operon which is involved in sulfur assimilation. Also negatively regulates its own transcription. | LysR |
| ENTRAF0342 | cysR | Synechococcus elongatus (strain PCC 7942) (Anacystis nidulans R2) | Probably regulates the expression of genes from the sulfate permease complex. | Crp |
| ENTRAF0343 | czcR | Cupriavidus metallidurans (strain ATCC 43123 / DSM 2839 / NBRC 102507 / CH34) (Ralstonia metallidurans) | Member of the two-component regulatory system CzcS/CzcR involved in the control of cobalt, zinc and cadmium homeostasis. | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0344 | czrA | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Metal-responsive transcriptional regulator that represses transcription of cadA and the czcD-trkA operon by binding specifically to their promoter. Binding of zinc causes the repressor to dissociate from the DNA. | ArsR |
| ENTRAF0345 | dasR | Streptomyces coelicolor (strain ATCC BAA-471 / A3(2) / M145) | Global regulator that is part of the nutrient-sensing system. In the absence of N-acetylglucosamine 6-P, represses the phosphotransferase system (PTS) specific for the uptake of N-acetylglucosamine (PTSNag), and genes involved in the metabolism of chitin, as well as several genes involved in development, thereby linking carbon availability to morphogenesis. Binds to the DNA consensus sequence 5'-ACTGGTCTAGACCACT-3'. | GntR |
| ENTRAF0346 | dasR | Streptomyces griseus | Regulates the dasABC transport operon involved in glucose-related morphogenesis. Essential for development. | GntR |
| ENTRAF0347 | dctD | Rhizobium meliloti (strain 1021) (Ensifer meliloti) (Sinorhizobium meliloti) | Member of the two-component regulatory system DctB/DctD involved in the transport of C4-dicarboxylates. When activated by DctB acts in conjunction with sigma-54 to activate the transcription of dctA. | Fis |
| ENTRAF0348 | dnrI | Streptomyces peucetius | May form, with DnrJ a two-component regulatory system for daunorubicin biosynthesis genes. | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0349 | aur1R | Kitasatospora aureofaciens (Streptomyces aureofaciens) | Pseudo gamma-butyrolactone receptor protein | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0350 | claR | Streptomyces clavuligerus (strain ATCC 27064 / DSM 738 / JCM 4710 / NBRC 13307 / NCIMB 12785 / NRRL 3585 / VKM Ac-602) | Transcriptional activator ClaR | LysR |
| ENTRAF0351 | SCO4008 | Streptomyces coelicolor (strain ATCC BAA-471 / A3(2) / M145) | Probably regulates the expression of its own gene and the adjacent SCO4007 gene by binding to two operator sites in the SCO4007-SCO4008 intergenic region. | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0352 | fkbR | Streptomyces tsukubensis | Transcriptional regulator FkbR | LysR |
| ENTRAF0353 | mprR | Streptomyces coelicolor | Transcriptional trans-activator of the gene (mprA) for the small neutral protease. | LysR |
| ENTRAF0354 | bldD | Streptomyces coelicolor | Helix-turn-helix protein (DNA binding protein) | SinR |
| ENTRAF0355 | cprB | Streptomyces coelicolor | CprB (Transcriptional regulator | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0356 | SCO5550 | Streptomyces coelicolor (strain ATCC BAA-471 / A3(2) / M145) | Transcriptional regulator | MerR |
| ENTRAF0357 | orfX | Streptomyces coelicolor | Transcriptional regulator and 3-ketoacyl-ACP/CoA redutase | - |
| ENTRAF0358 | oxyR | Streptomyces viridosporus | Required for the induction of a regulon of hydrogen peroxide inducible genes such as catalase and glutathione-reductase. | LysR |
| ENTRAF0359 | korSA | Streptomyces ambofaciens | Transcriptional regulator KorSA | GntR |
| ENTRAF0360 | absA2 | Streptomyces coelicolor | Transcriptional regulator AbsA2 | GerE |
| ENTRAF0361 | bxlR | Streptomyces thermoviolaceus | LacI/GalR family Transcriptional repressor | GalR/LacI |
| ENTRAF0362 | aveR | Streptomyces avermitilis (strain ATCC 31267 / DSM 46492 / JCM 5070 / NBRC 14893 / NCIMB 12804 / NRRL 8165 / MA-4680) | LuxR-family Transcriptional regulator | GerE |
| ENTRAF0363 | whiH | Streptomyces coelicolor | Sporulation transcription factor | GntR |
| ENTRAF0364 | nanR4 | Streptomyces nanchangensis | Transcriptional regulator NanR4 | AraC/XylS |
| ENTRAF0365 | SCO7173 | Streptomyces coelicolor (strain ATCC BAA-471 / A3(2) / M145) | Transcriptional regulator | GerE |
| ENTRAF0366 | SCO1712 | Streptomyces coelicolor (strain ATCC BAA-471 / A3(2) / M145) | TetR-family Transcriptional regulator | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0367 | srnR | Streptomyces griseus | Transcriptional regulator SrnR | HTH_20 |
| ENTRAF0368 | epeR | Streptomyces clavuligerus | Repressor protein | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0369 | SCO7554 | Streptomyces coelicolor (strain ATCC BAA-471 / A3(2) / M145) | Transcriptional regulator LacI-family | GalR/LacI |
| ENTRAF0370 | nrdS | Streptomyces coelicolor (strain ATCC BAA-471 / A3(2) / M145) | Transcriptional regulator AraC-family | AraC/XylS |
| ENTRAF0371 | SCO3205 | Streptomyces coelicolor (strain ATCC BAA-471 / A3(2) / M145) | Transcriptional repressor MarR-family | MarR |
| ENTRAF0372 | SCO3201 | Streptomyces coelicolor (strain ATCC BAA-471 / A3(2) / M145) | Transcriptional regulator TetR-family | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0373 | SCO5413 | Streptomyces coelicolor (strain ATCC BAA-471 / A3(2) / M145) | MarR-Transcriptional regulator | MarR |
| ENTRAF0374 | orfX | Streptomyces hygroscopicus | Transcriptional regulator OrfX | - |
| ENTRAF0375 | SCO0877 | Streptomyces coelicolor (strain ATCC BAA-471 / A3(2) / M145) | Transcriptional regulatory protein | GerE |
| ENTRAF0376 | SCO0332 | Streptomyces coelicolor (strain ATCC BAA-471 / A3(2) / M145) | Transcriptional regulator | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0377 | adpA | Streptomyces griseus | AdpA (AraC family Transcriptional regulator) | AraC/XylS |
| ENTRAF0378 | SCO2928 | Streptomyces coelicolor (strain ATCC BAA-471 / A3(2) / M145) | Transcriptional regulator AsnC-family | AsnC |
| ENTRAF0379 | SCO3269 | Streptomyces coelicolor (strain ATCC BAA-471 / A3(2) / M145) | Transcriptional regulator GntR-family | GntR |
| ENTRAF0380 | SCO3900 | Streptomyces coelicolor (strain ATCC BAA-471 / A3(2) / M145) | PadR transcriptional regulator | PadR |
| ENTRAF0381 | rapA | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Transcription regulator that activates transcription by stimulating RNA polymerase (RNAP) recycling in case of stress conditions such as supercoiled DNA or high salt concentrations. Probably acts by releasing the RNAP, when it is trapped or immobilized on tightly supercoiled DNA. Does not activate transcription on linear DNA. Probably not involved in DNA repair (By similarity). | SNF2/RAD54 helicase family, RapA subfamily |
| ENTRAF0382 | rcoM | Rhodospirillum rubrum (strain ATCC 11170 / ATH 1.1.1 / DSM 467 / LMG 4362 / NCIB 8255 / S1) | Activates the expression of the CowN protein in response to carbon monoxide (CO). Is required to sustain N(2)-dependent growth in the presence of low levels of carbon monoxide (CO). | LytTR |
| ENTRAF0383 | rcoM1 | Paraburkholderia xenovorans (strain LB400) | One-component, b-type heme-containing aerobic sensor and transcriptional regulator that responds to CO by activating the expression of the oxidation operon cox. | LytTR |
| ENTRAF0384 | rcoM2 | Paraburkholderia xenovorans (strain LB400) | One-component, b-type heme-containing aerobic sensor and transcriptional regulator that responds to CO by activating the expression of the oxidation operon cox. | LytTR |
| ENTRAF0385 | recF | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | The RecF protein is involved in DNA metabolism; it is required for DNA replication and normal SOS inducibility. RecF binds preferentially to single-stranded, linear DNA. It also seems to bind ATP. | RecF family |
| ENTRAF0386 | reg1 | Streptomyces lividans | Transcription repressor involved in control of expression of alpha-amylase and chitinase genes and of actinorhodin production. | GalR/LacI |
| ENTRAF0387 | lrpA | Pyrococcus furiosus (strain ATCC 43587 / DSM 3638 / JCM 8422 / Vc1) | Negatively regulates its own transcription. Binds to a 46-base pair sequence that overlaps the transcriptional start site of its own promoter. | AsnC |
| ENTRAF0388 | regA | Rhodobacter sphaeroides (strain ATCC 17023 / 2.4.1 / NCIB 8253 / DSM 158) | Member of the two-component regulatory system RegB/RegA. Involved in transactivating anaerobic expression of the photosynthetic apparatus. It is a transcriptional regulator that is responsible for activating expression of the puf, puh, and puc operons in response to a decrease in oxygen tension. | - |
| ENTRAF0389 | regX3 | Mycobacterium smegmatis (strain ATCC 700084 / mc(2)155) | Part of the two-component regulatory system senX3/regX3. Once phosphorylated by senX3, activates the expression of several operons/genes involved in phosphate assimilation and metabolism, such as pstSCAB, phnDCE, and phoA. | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0390 | relB | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Antitoxin component of a toxin-antitoxin (TA) module. Upon expression in M.smegmatis neutralizes the effect of toxin RelE.; Induces its own promoter, in combination with RelE represses its own promoter. Has been seen to bind DNA in complex with toxin RelE but not alone. | PhdYeFM_antitox |
| ENTRAF0391 | relE | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Toxic component of a toxin-antitoxin (TA) module. Has RNase activity (By similarity). Overexpression in M.tuberculosis or M.smegmatis inhibits colony formation in a bacteriostatic rather than bacteriocidal fashion. Its toxic effect is neutralized by coexpression with cognate antitoxin RelB (shown only for M.smegmatis). | YoeB/Txe-like |
| ENTRAF0392 | relF | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Antitoxin component of a toxin-antitoxin (TA) module. Upon expression in M.smegmatis neutralizes the effect of toxin RelE2.; Induces its own promoter, in combination with RelG represses its own promoter. Has been seen to bind DNA in complex with toxin RelG but not alone. | PhdYeFM_antitox |
| ENTRAF0393 | relG | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Toxic component of a toxin-antitoxin (TA) module. Has RNase activity and preferentially cleaves at the 3'-end of purine ribonucleotides (By similarity). Overexpression in M.tuberculosis or M.smegmatis inhibits colony formation in a bacteriostatic rather than bacteriocidal fashion. Its toxic effect is neutralized by coexpression with cognate antitoxin RelB2 (shown only for M.smegmatis). Overexpression also increases the number of gentamicin-tolerant and levofloxacin-tolerant persister cells. | YoeB/Txe-like |
| ENTRAF0394 | relJ | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Antitoxin component of a toxin-antitoxin (TA) module. A probable antitoxin for the putative mRNA interferase RelK. Upon expression in E.coli but not in M.smegmatis this protein neutralizes E.coli YoeB.; Binds to and represses its own promoter, in combination with RelK repression is somewhat lessened. Several DNA-protein complexes are formed in vitro depending on the RelJ:RelK ratio. | PhdYeFM_antitox |
| ENTRAF0395 | relK | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv) | Toxic component of a toxin-antitoxin (TA) module. Has RNase activity and preferentially cleaves at the 3'-end of purine ribonucleotides (By similarity). Overexpression in M.tuberculosis or M.smegmatis inhibits colony formation in a bacteriostatic rather than bacteriocidal fashion. Its toxic effect is neutralized by coexpression with antitoxin RelJ (shown only for M.smegmatis). Overexpression also increases the number of rifampcin-tolerant persister cells. | YoeB/Txe-like |
| ENTRAF0396 | rex | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Modulates transcription in response to changes in cellular NADH/NAD(+) redox state. | Put_DNA-bind_N |
| ENTRAF0397 | rex | Staphylococcus aureus (strain Mu50 / ATCC 700699) | Modulates transcription in response to changes in cellular NADH/NAD(+) redox state. | Put_DNA-bind_N |
| ENTRAF0398 | rex | Streptomyces coelicolor (strain ATCC BAA-471 / A3(2) / M145) | Modulates transcription of respiratory genes in response to changes in cellular NADH/NAD(+) redox state. May play a general role as a sensor of cellular redox balance. | Put_DNA-bind_N |
| ENTRAF0399 | rex | Thermus aquaticus | Modulates transcription in response to changes in cellular NADH/NAD(+) redox state. | Put_DNA-bind_N |
| ENTRAF0400 | rex | Thermus thermophilus (strain HB27 / ATCC BAA-163 / DSM 7039) | Modulates transcription in response to changes in cellular NADH/NAD(+) redox state. | Put_DNA-bind_N |
| ENTRAF0401 | rex | Thermus thermophilus (strain HB8 / ATCC 27634 / DSM 579) | Modulates transcription in response to changes in cellular NADH/NAD(+) redox state. | Put_DNA-bind_N |
| ENTRAF0402 | rfaH | Escherichia coli O6:K15:H31 (strain 536 / UPEC) | Enhances distal genes transcription elongation in a specialized subset of operons that encode extracytoplasmic components. RfaH is recruited into a multi-component RNA polymerase complex by the ops element, which is a short conserved DNA sequence located downstream of the main promoter of these operons. Once bound, RfaH suppresses pausing and inhibits Rho-dependent and intrinsic termination at a subset of sites. Termination signals are bypassed, which allows complete synthesis of long RNA chains (By similarity). Also negatively controls expression and surface presentation of AG43 and possibly another AG43-independent factor that mediates cell-cell interactions and biofilm formation,. | RfaH family |
| ENTRAF0403 | rfaH | Escherichia coli O6:H1 (strain CFT073 / ATCC 700928 / UPEC) | Enhances distal genes transcription elongation in a specialized subset of operons that encode extracytoplasmic components. RfaH is recruited into a multi-component RNA polymerase complex by the ops element, which is a short conserved DNA sequence located downstream of the main promoter of these operons. Once bound, RfaH suppresses pausing and inhibits Rho-dependent and intrinsic termination at a subset of sites. Termination signals are bypassed, which allows complete synthesis of long RNA chains (By similarity). Contributes to intestinal colonization via regulation of the lipopolysaccharide core synthesis. | RfaH family |
| ENTRAF0404 | rfaH | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Enhances distal genes transcription elongation in a specialized subset of operons that encode extracytoplasmic components. RfaH is recruited into a multi-component RNA polymerase complex by the ops element, which is a short conserved DNA sequence located downstream of the main promoter of these operons. Once bound, RfaH suppresses pausing and inhibits Rho-dependent and intrinsic termination at a subset of sites. Termination signals are bypassed, which allows complete synthesis of long RNA chains. Enhances expression of several operons involved in synthesis of lipopolysaccharides, exopolysaccharides, hemolysin, and sex factor. Also negatively controls expression and surface presentation of AG43 and possibly another AG43-independent factor that mediates cell-cell interactions and biofilm formation. | RfaH family |
| ENTRAF0405 | rghR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Represses the expression of yvaM and both rapG and rapH. Binds directly to the promoter regions of yvaM, rapG and rapH. | HTH_31 |
| ENTRAF0406 | ripA | Corynebacterium glutamicum (strain ATCC 13032 / DSM 20300 / JCM 1318 / LMG 3730 / NCIMB 10025) | Under iron limitation, RipA negatively controls the expression of the acn (aconitase), catA (catechol 1,2 dioxygenase), leuCD (isopropylmalate dehydratase), narKGHJI (nitrite/nitrate transporter and nitrate reductase), sdhCAB (succinate dehydrogenase), pta (phosphotransacetylase) and katA (catalase) genes. Binds to the consensus sequence in the promoter region. | AraC/XylS |
| ENTRAF0407 | rnk | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | May act as an anti-Gre factor. Regulates the level of the nucleoside diphosphate kinase Ndk. | Rnk family |
| ENTRAF0408 | rocR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Positive regulator of arginine catabolism. Controls the transcription of the two operons rocABC and rocDEF and probably acts by binding to the corresponding upstream activating sequences. | Fis |
| ENTRAF0409 | rok | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Repressor of comK, the master regulator of competence development. Overexpression seems to be lethal. Represses at least 20 genes that specify membrane-localized and secreted proteins, including some that encode products with antibiotic activity. Binds to many AT-rich sites in the chromosome, many of which are known or thought to derive from horizontal gene transfer; helps keep mobile element ICEBs1 quiescent in the genome. Binds to its own promoter and is thus probably autoregulatory. | - |
| ENTRAF0410 | ros | Rhizobium radiobacter (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) (Agrobacterium radiobacter) | Specifically represses the virC and virD operons in the virulence region of the Ti plasmid. | Ros/MucR family |
| ENTRAF0411 | rot | Staphylococcus aureus (strain COL) | Global regulator with both positive and negative effects that mediates modulation of several genes involved in virulence. Also, modulates the expression of genes not previously implicated in pathogenesis (By similarity). | MarR |
| ENTRAF0412 | rot | Staphylococcus aureus (strain Mu50 / ATCC 700699) | Global regulator with both positive and negative effects that mediates modulation of several genes involved in virulence. Also, modulates the expression of genes not previously implicated in pathogenesis (By similarity). | MarR |
| ENTRAF0413 | rot | Staphylococcus aureus (strain N315) | Global regulator with both positive and negative effects that mediates modulation of several genes involved in virulence. Also, modulates the expression of genes not previously implicated in pathogenesis (By similarity). | MarR |
| ENTRAF0414 | rsfA | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Seems to improve the efficiency of sporulation by fine-tuning the expression of genes in the sigma F regulon, particularly the timing of their expression. Negatively regulates spoIIR and its own synthesis. | Myb/SANT |
| ENTRAF0415 | rssB | Serratia marcescens | Member of the two-component regulatory system RssA/RssB involved in regulation of swarming motility which has been shown to be inhibited by saturated fatty acids. RssA/RssB regulates cellular fatty acid composition, hemolysin production and cell surface topography. RssA/RssB negatively regulates the activity of SlhBA. It can also act as a negative regulator for the control of the swarming initiation. RssB binds its own promoter. | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0416 | saeR | Staphylococcus aureus (strain NCTC 8325) | Member of the two-component regulatory system SaeR/SaeS involved in the regulation of staphylococcal virulence factors in a strain-dependent fashion. Probably functions as a transcriptional regulator via a specific DNA-binding domain, recognizing motifs near the promoter sequences of target genes. SaeR/SaeS activates the expression of exoproteins involved in adhesion and invasion of host cells, including hemolysins (Hla, Hlb), Coa, DNase, Spa and cell wall-associated proteins (Emp, Eap, FnbA). Acts probably downstream of the Agr system in the regulatory cascade of virulence factors. | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0417 | saeR | Staphylococcus aureus (strain COL) | Member of the two-component regulatory system SaeR/SaeS involved in the regulation of staphylococcal virulence factors in a strain-dependent fashion. Probably functions as a transcriptional regulator via a specific DNA-binding domain, recognizing motifs near the promoter sequences of target genes (By similarity). Modulates the expression of several genes. | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0418 | saeR | Staphylococcus aureus (strain Newman) | Member of the two-component regulatory system SaeR/SaeS involved in the regulation of staphylococcal virulence factors in a strain-dependent fashion. Probably functions as a transcriptional regulator via a specific DNA-binding domain, recognizing motifs near the promoter sequences of target genes. SaeR/SaeS activates the expression of exoproteins involved in adhesion and invasion of host cells, including hemolysins (hla, Hlb, HlgC), Coa, DNase, Spa and cell wall-associated proteins (Emp, Eap, FnbA, FnbB, Efb). Represses the expression of type 5 capsular polysaccharide (cap operon). Also modulates the expression of several other genes. | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0419 | saeR | Staphylococcus aureus (strain Mu50 / ATCC 700699) | Member of the two-component regulatory system SaeR/SaeS involved in the regulation of staphylococcal virulence factors in a strain-dependent fashion. Probably functions as a transcriptional regulator via a specific DNA-binding domain, recognizing motifs near the promoter sequences of target genes (By similarity). | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0420 | saeR | Staphylococcus aureus (strain N315) | Member of the two-component regulatory system SaeR/SaeS involved in the regulation of staphylococcal virulence factors in a strain-dependent fashion. Probably functions as a transcriptional regulator via a specific DNA-binding domain, recognizing motifs near the promoter sequences of target genes (By similarity). | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0421 | sarA | Staphylococcus aureus (strain NCTC 8325) | Global regulator with both positive and negative effects that controls expression of several virulence factors and biofilm formation process in a cell density-dependent manner. In a strain-dependent manner plays a role in multidrug resistance mechanism. Is required for transcription of primary transcripts RNAII and RNAIII generated by agr (virulence accessory gene regulator) locus. Acts as a transcriptional activator of the genes encoding, among others, for fibronectin binding proteins (fnbA and fnbB), hemolysins (hla, hld, hlgB and hlgC), serine proteases (splA, splB, splD and splF) and of the bap gene, which is essential for biofilm development in some strains. Negatively regulates the expression of the genes for protein A (spa), lipase (lip), thermonuclease (nuc), immunodominant staphylococcal antigen B (isaB), staphylococcal serine and cysteine proteases (sspA and sspB), staphostatin B (sspC), metalloprotease aureolysin (aur) and collagen adhesin (cna). Probably activates the development of biofilm by both enhancing the ica operon transcription and suppressing the transcription of either a protein involved in the turnover of PIA/PNAG or a repressor of its synthesis, whose expression would be sigma-B-dependent. | MarR |
| ENTRAF0422 | sarA | Staphylococcus aureus (strain COL) | Global regulator with both positive and negative effects that controls the expression of several virulence factors and the biofilm formation process in a cell density-dependent manner. | MarR |
| ENTRAF0423 | sarA | Staphylococcus aureus (strain Newman) | Global regulator with both positive and negative effects that controls expression of several virulence factors and biofilm formation process in a cell density-dependent manner. In a strain-dependent manner plays a role in multidrug resistance mechanism. Is required for transcription of primary transcripts RNAII and RNAIII generated by agr (virulence accessory gene regulator) locus. Acts as a transcriptional activator of the genes encoding, among others, for fibronectin binding proteins (fnbA and fnbB), hemolysins (hla, hld, hlgB and hlgC), serine proteases (splA, splB, splD and splF) and of the bap gene, which is essential for biofilm development in some strains. Negatively regulates the expression of the genes for protein A (spa), lipase (lip), thermonuclease (nuc), immunodominant staphylococcal antigen B (isaB), staphylococcal serine and cysteine proteases (sspA and sspB), staphostatin B (sspC), metalloprotease aureolysin (aur) and collagen adhesin (cna). Probably activates the development of biofilm by both enhancing the ica operon transcription and suppressing the transcription of either a protein involved in the turnover of PIA/PNAG or a repressor of its synthesis, whose expression would be sigma-B-dependent. | MarR |
| ENTRAF0424 | sarA | Staphylococcus aureus (strain Mu50 / ATCC 700699) | Global regulator with both positive and negative effects that controls the expression of several virulence factors and the biofilm formation process in a cell density-dependent manner. | MarR |
| ENTRAF0425 | sarA | Staphylococcus aureus (strain N315) | Global regulator with both positive and negative effects that controls the expression of several virulence factors and the biofilm formation process in a cell density-dependent manner. | MarR |
| ENTRAF0426 | sarA | Staphylococcus aureus | Global regulator with both positive and negative effects that controls expression of several virulence factors and biofilm formation process in a cell density-dependent manner. In a strain-dependent manner plays a role in multidrug resistance mechanism. Is required for transcription of primary transcripts RNAII and RNAIII generated by agr (virulence accessory gene regulator) locus. Acts as a transcriptional activator of the genes encoding, among others, for fibronectin binding proteins (fnbA and fnbB), hemolysins (hla, hld, hlgB and hlgC), serine proteases (splA, splB, splD and splF) and of the bap gene, which is essential for biofilm development in some strains. Negatively regulates the expression of the genes for protein A (spa), lipase (lip), thermonuclease (nuc), immunodominant staphylococcal antigen B (isaB), staphylococcal serine and cysteine proteases (sspA and sspB), staphostatin B (sspC), metalloprotease aureolysin (aur) and collagen adhesin (cna). Probably activates the development of biofilm by both enhancing the ica operon transcription and suppressing the transcription of either a protein involved in the turnover of PIA/PNAG or a repressor of its synthesis, whose expression would be sigma-B-dependent. | MarR |
| ENTRAF0427 | sarA | Staphylococcus aureus (strain MW2) | Global regulator with both positive and negative effects that controls the expression of several virulence factors and the biofilm formation process in a cell density-dependent manner (By similarity). Required for transcription of primary transcripts RNAII and RNAIII generated by agr (virulence accessory gene regulator) locus. Negatively regulates the expression of spa (protein A) and aur (metalloprotease aureolysin). | MarR |
| ENTRAF0428 | sarR | Staphylococcus aureus (strain NCTC 8325) | Negative regulator of sarA transcription at late exponential and stationary growth phases. It contributes to the modulation of target genes downstream of the sarA regulatory cascade. Also, positively regulates expression of primary transcripts RNAII and RNAIII generated by agr (virulence accessory gene regulator) locus. | MarR |
| ENTRAF0429 | sarR | Staphylococcus aureus (strain Mu50 / ATCC 700699) | Negative regulator of sarA transcription at late exponential and stationary growth phases. It contributes to the modulation of target genes downstream of the sarA regulatory cascade. Also, positively regulates expression of primary transcripts RNAII and RNAIII generated by agr (virulence accessory gene regulator) locus (By similarity). | MarR |
| ENTRAF0430 | sarR | Staphylococcus aureus (strain N315) | Negative regulator of sarA transcription at late exponential and stationary growth phases. It contributes to the modulation of target genes downstream of the sarA regulatory cascade. Also, positively regulates expression of primary transcripts RNAII and RNAIII generated by agr (virulence accessory gene regulator) locus (By similarity). | MarR |
| ENTRAF0431 | sarS | Staphylococcus aureus (strain Mu3 / ATCC 700698) | Transcriptional regulator that controls expression of some virulence factors in a cell density-dependent manner. | MarR |
| ENTRAF0432 | sarS | Staphylococcus aureus (strain NCTC 8325) | Transcriptional regulator that controls expression of some virulence factors in a cell density-dependent manner. Acts as an activator of the gene encoding protein A (spa). Negatively regulates the expression of alpha-hemolysin (hla). | MarR |
| ENTRAF0433 | sarS | Staphylococcus aureus (strain COL) | Transcriptional regulator that controls expression of some virulence factors in a cell density-dependent manner (By similarity). Acts as a transcriptional activator of the gene encoding protein A (spa). | MarR |
| ENTRAF0434 | sarS | Staphylococcus aureus (strain N315) | Transcriptional regulator that controls expression of some virulence factors in a cell density-dependent manner. | MarR |
| ENTRAF0435 | sarT | Staphylococcus aureus (strain NCTC 8325) | Transcriptional regulator acting as an intermediary between major regulators sarA and agr and virulence genes. Represses alpha-hemolysin (hla) gene expression. Down-regulates agr RNAIII expression by repressing sarU, a positive activator of agr expression. Up-regulates sarS, which induces the expression of the cell wall-associated protein A (spa). | HTH_27 |
| ENTRAF0436 | sarU | Staphylococcus aureus (strain NCTC 8325) | Positive regulator of RNAII and RNAIII in a cell density-dependent manner. It can contribute to the expression of virulence genes controlled by agr. May also regulate target genes via an agr-independent pathway. | MarR |
| ENTRAF0437 | sarU | Staphylococcus aureus (strain N315) | Positive regulator of RNAII and RNAIII in a cell density-dependent manner. It can contribute to the expression of virulence genes controlled by agr. May also regulate target genes via an agr-independent pathway (By similarity). | MarR |
| ENTRAF0438 | sarV | Staphylococcus aureus (strain NCTC 8325) | Part of the pathway by which MgrA and SarA control autolysis. Involved in regulation of virulence and autolysis genes such as hla, splA, aur, scp, lrgB, scdA and atl. May also act as an activator for the expression of regulatory genes agr, lytSR and ArlRS. | MarR |
| ENTRAF0439 | sarV | Staphylococcus aureus (strain Mu50 / ATCC 700699) | Part of the pathway by which MgrA and SarA control autolysis. | MarR |
| ENTRAF0440 | sarX | Staphylococcus aureus (strain NCTC 8325) | Involved in the regulation of virulence genes. Acts as a repressor of the agr locus and consequently targets genes regulated by the agr system such as sspA, hla and hlb. Binds directly to the agr promoter region. | MarR |
| ENTRAF0441 | sarZ | Staphylococcus aureus (strain NCTC 8325) | Activates transcription of virulence factors alpha- and beta hemolysin genes (hla and hlb). Also, activates RNAIII expression, a central regulator transcribed from the agr locus. | MarR |
| ENTRAF0442 | sarZ | Staphylococcus aureus (strain COL) | Activates transcription of virulence factors alpha- and beta hemolysin genes (hla and hlb). Also, activates RNAIII expression, a central regulator transcribed from the agr locus (By similarity). | MarR |
| ENTRAF0443 | sinR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Negative as well as positive regulator of alternate developmental processes that are induced at the end of vegetative growth in response to nutrient depletion. Binds to the alkaline protease (aprE) gene at two sites. Also acts as a repressor of the key sporulation gene spo0A. Negatively regulates transcription of the eps operon, which is responsible for the biosynthesis of an exopolysaccharide involved in biofilm formation; therefore it could govern the transition between a state in which bacteria swim or swarm and a state in which bacteria assemble into multicellular communities. Acts with Hpr as a corepressor of epr expression. Also negatively regulates transcription of the lutABC operon, which is required for lactate utilization. Repressor activity is regulated by SinI. | SinR |
| ENTRAF0444 | spoIIID | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | This protein regulates the transcription of sigK, which encodes mother cell chamber RNA polymerase sigma-factor (sigma K). | AsnC |
| ENTRAF0445 | spoVT | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Positive and negative transcriptional regulator of sigma G-dependent genes. May provide a mechanism of feedback control that is important for forespore development. | MazE_antitoxin |
| ENTRAF0446 | tcmR | Streptomyces glaucescens | Represses transcription of the divergently oriented tcmR and tcmA (tetracenomycin C resistance and export) genes by binding to an intergenic operator region. This binding is inhibited by tetracenomycin C. | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0447 | tipA | Streptomyces lividans | Transcriptional activator. Is activated when bound to the antibiotic thiostrepton. | MerR |
| ENTRAF0448 | tnrA | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Transcription regulator that actives the transcription of genes required for nitrogen assimilation such as nrgAB (ammonium transport), nasABCDEF (nitrate/nitrite assimilation), ureABC (urea degradation) and gabP (GABA transport), during nitrogen limitation. Also represses glnRA and gltAB in the absence of ammonium. On the contrary of the MerR members, which require longer DNA sites for high-affinity binding, TnrA requires a DNA sequence of 17 nucleotides as minimal binding site. | MerR |
| ENTRAF0449 | treR | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Repressor for the trePA operon. It is able to bind trehalose-6-phosphate. | GntR |
| ENTRAF0450 | whiD | Streptomyces coelicolor (strain ATCC BAA-471 / A3(2) / M145) | Acts as a transcriptional regulator. Probably redox-responsive. The apo- but not holo-form probably binds DNA (By similarity). Plays a positive role in prespore maturation and the initiation of sporulation septation. | Whib |
| ENTRAF0451 | xre | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Repressor of PBSX. Binds to four sites close to its own gene. Necessary for the maintenance of the lysogenic state. | SinR |
| ENTRAF0452 | SCO4158 | Streptomyces coelicolor (strain ATCC BAA-471 / A3(2) / M145) | HTH-type Transcriptional regulator SCO4158 | GalR/LacI |
| ENTRAF0453 | ycnK | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | May act as a negative transcriptional regulator of ycnJ in the presence of copper. May use copper as a corepressor. | DeoR |
| ENTRAF0454 | yodB | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Negatively regulates yodC and azoR1 which may contribute to the degradation of aromatic compounds. Probably positively regulates the catechol-specific transcription of mhqNOP, mhqED, and mhqA. | HxlR |
| ENTRAF0455 | yofA | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Regulates expression of the cell division protein ftsW, and is essential for cell viability during stationary phase. | LysR |
| ENTRAF0456 | ytrA | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Negatively regulates ABC transporter complex ytrBCDEF that plays a role in acetoin utilization during stationary phase and sporulation. | GntR |
| ENTRAF0457 | yvoA | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Acts as a weak repressor of yflG expression. | GntR |
| ENTRAF0458 | zur | Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) | Acts as a negative controlling element, employing Zn(2+) as a cofactor to bind the operator of the repressed genes. Required for the zinc-specific repression of two operons implicated in zinc uptake, yciC and ycdHIyceA. Also represses the expression of rpmE2, the gene for ribosomal protein L31B, which is expressed only after the end of exponential growth. | FUR |
| ENTRAF0459 | acrR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Potential regulator protein for the acrAB genes. | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0460 | ada | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Involved in the adaptive response to alkylation damage in DNA caused by alkylating agents. Repairs O6-methylguanine (O6-MeG) and O4-methylthymine (O4-MeT) in DNA. Repairs the methylated nucleobase in DNA by stoichiometrically transferring the methyl group to a cysteine residue in the enzyme (Cys-321). Also specifically repairs the Sp diastereomer of DNA methylphosphotriester lesions by the same mechanism, although the methyl transfer occurs onto a different cysteine residue (Cys-38). Cannot demethylate the other diastereomer, Rp-methylphosphotriester. This is a suicide reaction: the enzyme is irreversibly inactivated. | AraC/XylS |
| ENTRAF0461 | adiY | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | DNA binding Transcriptional activator | AraC/XylS |
| ENTRAF0462 | agaR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Probable repressor for the aga operon for N-acetyl galactosamine transport and metabolism. | DeoR |
| ENTRAF0463 | aidB | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Part of the adaptive DNA-repair response to alkylating agents. Could prevent alkylation damage by protecting DNA and destroying alkylating agents that have yet to reach their DNA target. Binds to double-stranded DNA with a preference for a DNA region that includes its own promoter. Shows weak isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase activity in vitro. | Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase |
| ENTRAF0464 | allR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Negative regulator of allantoin and glyoxylate utilization operons. Binds to the gcl promoter and to the allS-allA intergenic region. Binding to DNA is abolished by glyoxylate. | IclR |
| ENTRAF0465 | allS | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Positive regulator essential for the expression of allD operon. Binds to the allD promoter. | LysR |
| ENTRAF0466 | alpA | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Positive regulator of the expression of the slpA gene. When overexpressed, leads to suppression of the capsule overproduction and UV sensitivity phenotypes of cells mutant for the Lon ATP-dependent protease. Part of the cryptic P4-like prophage CP4-57. Overexpression of AlpA leads to excision of the CP4-57 prophage by IntA. This inactivates ssrA (the gene upstream of the prophage) that encodes tmRNA which is required to rescue stalled ribosomes in a process known as trans-translation. | Phage_AlpA |
| ENTRAF0467 | pepA | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Probably involved in the processing and regular turnover of intracellular proteins. Catalyzes the removal of unsubstituted N-terminal amino acids from various peptides. Required for plasmid ColE1 site-specific recombination but not in its aminopeptidase activity. Could act as a structural component of the putative nucleoprotein complex in which the Xer recombination reaction takes place. | Peptidase M17 family |
| ENTRAF0468 | appY | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Induces the synthesis of acid phosphatase (AppA) and several other polypeptides (such as AppBC) during the deceleration phase of growth. It also acts as a transcriptional repressor for one group of proteins that are synthesized preferentially in exponential growth and for one group synthesized only in the stationary phase. Also involved in the stabilization of the sigma stress factor RpoS during stress conditions. | AraC/XylS |
| ENTRAF0469 | araC | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | This protein controls the expression of at least six genes that are involved in the transport and catabolism of L-arabinose. It regulates initiation of transcription of the araBAD operon and it also controls its own synthesis. The L-arabinose operon displays both positive and negative regulation through AraC. | AraC/XylS |
| ENTRAF0470 | arcA | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Member of the two-component regulatory system ArcB/ArcA. Represses a wide variety of aerobic enzymes under anaerobic conditions. Controls the resistance of E.coli to dyes; required for expression of the alkaline phosphatase and sex factor F genes; It also may be involved in the osmoregulation of envelope proteins. When activated by ArcB, it negatively regulates the expression of genes of aerobic function. Activates the transcription of the plfB operon by binding to its promoter. | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0471 | argR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Negatively controls the expression of the four operons of arginine biosynthesis in addition to the carAB operon. Predominantly interacts with A/T residues in ARG boxes. It also binds to a specific site in cer locus. Thus it is essential for cer-mediated site-specific recombination in ColE1. It is necessary for monomerization of the plasmid ColE1. | ArgR |
| ENTRAF0472 | arsR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Transcriptional repressor for the arsEFG operon. ArsE is a trans-acting regulatory protein which controls its own expression. The repressive effect of ArsE is alleviated by oxyions of +III oxidation state of arsenic, antimony, and bismuth, as well as arsenate (As(V)) (By similarity). | ArsR |
| ENTRAF0473 | ascG | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Repressor of the asc operon. The cryptic operon is activated by the insertion of IS186 into the ascG gene. | GalR/LacI |
| ENTRAF0474 | asnC | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Activator of asnA transcription; autogenous regulator of its own transcription; and repressor of the expression of gidA at a post-transcriptional level. | AsnC |
| ENTRAF0475 | atoC | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Member of the two-component regulatory system AtoS/AtoC. In the presence of acetoacetate, AtoS/AtoC stimulates the expression of the atoDAEB operon, leading to short chain fatty acid catabolism and activation of the poly-(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate (cPHB) biosynthetic pathway. Also induces the operon in response to spermidine. Involved in the regulation of motility and chemotaxis, via transcriptional induction of the flagellar regulon. AtoC acts by binding directly to the promoter region of the target genes. In addition to its role as a transcriptional regulator, functions as a post-translational regulator that inhibits polyamine biosynthesis via regulation of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). | Fis |
| ENTRAF0476 | baeR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Member of the two-component regulatory system BaeS/BaeR which responds to envelope stress. Activates expression of periplasmic chaperone spy in response to spheroplast formation, indole and P pili protein PapG overexpression. Activates the mdtABCD and probably the CRISPR-Cas casABCDE-ygbT-ygbF operon. | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0477 | betI | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Repressor involved in the biosynthesis of the osmoprotectant glycine betaine. It represses transcription of the choline transporter BetT and the genes of BetAB involved in the synthesis of glycine betaine. | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0478 | bglJ | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | A crytic transcriptional activator. When its expression is induced it relieves H-NS repression of the bgl operon. Acts independently of transcription factor LeuO. | GerE |
| ENTRAF0479 | birA | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Acts both as a biotin--[acetyl-CoA-carboxylase] ligase and a biotin-operon repressor. In the presence of ATP, BirA activates biotin to form the BirA-biotinyl-5'-adenylate (BirA-bio-5'-AMP or holoBirA) complex. HoloBirA can either transfer the biotinyl moiety to the biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP) subunit of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, or bind to the biotin operator site and inhibit transcription of the operon. | BirA |
| ENTRAF0480 | bolA | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Transcriptional regulator that plays an important role in general stress response. Has many effects on cell morphology, cell growth and cell division. Acts by regulating the transcription of many genes, including dacA (PBP-5), dacC (PBP-6), ampC and mreB. Probably involved in the coordination of genes that adapt the cell physiology in order to enhance cell adaptation and survival under stress conditions. Essential for normal cell morphology in stationary phase and under conditions of starvation. Also regulates a complex network of genes encoding proteins related to biofilm development, and negatively modulates flagellar biosynthesis and swimming capacity. Could be a motile/adhesive transcriptional switch, specifically involved in the transition between the planktonic and the attachment stage of biofilm formation. Overexpression produces round cell shape, impairs cell growth rate and induces biofilm development. | BolA |
| ENTRAF0481 | cadC | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Required for Pcad induction, a promoter upstream of cadBA that is responsible for the pH-regulated expression of CadA and CadB. Probably acts as an activating transcription factor. | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0482 | caiF | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Potential transcriptional activator of carnitine metabolism. | CaiF_GrlA |
| ENTRAF0483 | cbl | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | May be an accessory regulatory protein within the cys regulon. | LysR |
| ENTRAF0484 | cdaR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Seems to regulate the expression of the operons for the enzymes involved in D-galactarate, D-glucarate and D-glycerate utilization. | HTH_30 |
| ENTRAF0485 | chbR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Dual-function repressor/activator of the chbBCARFG operon. In the absence of the inducing sugar chitobiose, together with NagC, represses the chbBCARFG operon for the uptake and metabolism of chitobiose. In association with Crp, and probably in the presence of chitobiose 6-phosphate, induces the transcription of the chbBCARFG operon. | AraC/XylS |
| ENTRAF0486 | cpxR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Response regulator member of the two-component regulatory system CpxA/CpxR which responds to envelope stress response by activating expression of downstream genes including cpxP, degP, dsbA and ppiA. Required for efficient binding of stationary phase cells to hydrophobic surfaces, part of the process of biofilm formation. Induced upon cell surface binding, subsequently induces genes it controls (cpxP, dsbA and spy, degP is only partially induced). Binds and activates transcription from the degP promoter; binding is enhanced by phosphorylation. This system combats a variety of extracytoplasmic protein-mediated toxicities by increasing the transcription of the periplasmic protease, DegP in concert with sigma factor E, as well as that of CpxP protein. Other downstream effectors may include SrkA. | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0487 | cra | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Global transcriptional regulator, which plays an important role in the regulation of carbon metabolism. Activates transcription of genes encoding biosynthetic and oxidative enzymes (involved in Krebs cycle, glyoxylate shunt and gluconeogenesis, such as ppsA and fbp). Represses genes involved in sugar catabolism, such as fruB, pfkA, pykF and adhE. Binds asymmetrically to the two half-sites of its operator. | GalR/LacI |
| ENTRAF0488 | creB | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Member of the two-component regulatory system CreC/CreB involved in catabolic regulation. | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0489 | crp | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | A global transcription regulator. Complexes with cyclic AMP (cAMP) which allosterically activates DNA binding (to consensus sequence 5'-AAATGTGATCTAGATCACATTT-3') to directly regulate the transcription of about 300 genes in about 200 operons and indirectly regulate the expression of about half the genome. There are 3 classes of CRP promoters; class I promoters have a single CRP-binding site upstream of the RNA polymerase (RNAP)-binding site, whereas in class II promoters the single CRP- and RNAP-binding site overlap, CRP making multiple contacts with RNAP. Class III promoters require multiple activator molecules, including at least one CRP dimer. It can act as an activator, repressor, coactivator or corepressor. Induces a severe bend in DNA (about 87 degrees), bringing upstream promoter elements into contact with RNAP. Acts as a negative regulator of its own synthesis as well as for adenylate cyclase (cyaA), which generates cAMP. High levels of active CRP are detrimental to growth. Plays a major role in carbon catabolite repression (CCR). CCR involves cAMP, adenylate cyclase (cyaA), CRP and the EIIA-Glc component of the PTS (crr). In the presence of glucose EIIA-Glc is dephosphorylated, and does not activate adenylate cyclase, leading to reduced cAMP and thus decreased CRP activity. | Crp |
| ENTRAF0490 | csgD | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | The master regulator for adhesive curli fimbriae expression; necessary for transcription of the csgBAC/ymdA operon. Plays a positive role in biofilm formation. May have the capability to respond to starvation and/or high cell density by activating csgBA transcription. Low-level constitutive expression confers an adherent curli fimbriae-expressing phenotype, up-regulates 10 genes and down-regulates 14 others. | GerE |
| ENTRAF0491 | csiR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Modulates expression of csiD and lhgO in a temporal manner during entry into stationary phase or during the first few hours of carbon starvation. | GntR |
| ENTRAF0492 | cspA | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Binds to and stimulates the transcription of the CCAAT-containing, cold-shock-inducible promoters of the H-NS and GyrA proteins. Binds also to the inverted repeat 5'-ATTGG-3'. | CSD |
| ENTRAF0493 | cueR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Regulates the transcription of the copA and cueO genes. It detects cytoplasmic copper stress and activates transcription in response to increasing copper concentrations. | MerR |
| ENTRAF0494 | cusR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Member of the two-component regulatory system CusS/CusR. Activates the expression of cusCFBA and plasmid pRJ1004 gene pcoE in response to increasing levels of copper ions, and probably silver ions. Can also increase the basal-level expression of copper resistance gene operon pcoABCD. | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0495 | cynR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Positively regulates the cynTSX operon, and negatively regulates its own transcription. Binds specifically to the cynR-cynTSX intergenic region. | LysR |
| ENTRAF0496 | cysB | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | This protein is a positive regulator of gene expression for the cysteine regulon, a system of 10 or more loci involved in the biosynthesis of L-cysteine from inorganic sulfate. The inducer for CysB is N-acetylserine. CysB inhibits its own transcription. | LysR |
| ENTRAF0497 | cytR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | This protein negatively controls the transcription initiation of genes such as deoCABD, udp, and cdd encoding catabolizing enzymes and nupC, nupG, and tsx encoding transporting and pore-forming proteins. Binds cytidine and adenosine as effectors. | GalR/LacI |
| ENTRAF0498 | hupA | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Histone-like DNA-binding protein which is capable of wrapping DNA to stabilize it, and thus to prevent its denaturation under extreme environmental conditions. | Bac_DNA_binding |
| ENTRAF0499 | hupB | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Histone-like DNA-binding protein which is capable of wrapping DNA to stabilize it, and thus to prevent its denaturation under extreme environmental conditions. | Bac_DNA_binding |
| ENTRAF0500 | dcuR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Member of the two-component regulatory system DcuR/DcuS. Involved in the C4-dicarboxylate-stimulated regulation of the genes encoding the anaerobic fumarate respiratory system (frdABCD; nuoAN; dcuB; dcuC; sdhCDAB; etc.). Weakly regulates the aerobic C4-dicarboxylate transporter dctA. | TrmB |
| ENTRAF0501 | deoR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | This protein is one of the repressors that regulate the expression of deoCABD genes, which encode nucleotide and deoxy ribonucleotide catabolizing enzymes. It also negatively regulates the expression of nupG (a transport protein) and tsx (a pore-forming protein). The inducer is deoxyribose-5-phosphate. | DeoR |
| ENTRAF0502 | dhaR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Positively regulates the dhaKLM operon from a sigma-70 promoter. Represses its own expression. | Fis |
| ENTRAF0503 | dicA | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | This protein is a repressor of division inhibition gene dicB. | SinR |
| ENTRAF0504 | dnaA | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Plays a key role in the initiation and regulation of chromosomal replication. Binds in an ATP-dependent fashion to the origin of replication (oriC) to initiate formation of the DNA replication initiation complex exactly once per cell cycle. Binds the DnaA box (consensus sequence 5'-TTATC[CA]A[CA]A-3'); subsequent binding of DNA polymerase III subunits leads to replisome formation. The DnaA-ATP form converts to DnaA-ADP; once converted to ADP the protein cannot initiate replication, ensuring only 1 round of replication per cell cycle. DnaA can inhibit its own gene expression as well as that of other genes such as dam, rpoH, ftsA and mioC.; Also required for replication of plasmid DNA; binds 4 dnaA boxes in the minimal plasmid RK2 replication origin (oriV). | Bac_DnaA |
| ENTRAF0505 | dpiA | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Member of the two-component regulatory system DpiA/DpiB, which is essential for expression of citrate-specific fermentation genes and genes involved in plasmid inheritance. Could be involved in response to both the presence of citrate and external redox conditions. Regulates the transcription of citCDEFXGT, dpiAB, mdh and exuT. Binds specifically to the dpiB-citC intergenic region. | Crp |
| ENTRAF0506 | dsdC | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Regulates the expression of the dsdX-dsdA operon. | LysR |
| ENTRAF0507 | envR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Potential regulator protein for the acrEF/envCD genes. | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0508 | envY | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Influences the temperature-dependent expression of several E.coli envelope proteins, most notably the porins OmpF and OmpC and the lambda receptor, LamB. | AraC/XylS |
| ENTRAF0509 | evgA | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Member of the two-component regulatory system EvgS/EvgA. Regulates the expression of emrKY operon and yfdX. Seems also to control expression of at least one other multidrug efflux operon. | GerE |
| ENTRAF0510 | exuR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Repressor for the exu regulon that encode genes involved in hexuronate utilization. It regulates the ExuT, UxaCA and UxuRAB operons. Binds D-tagaturonate and D-fructuronate as inducers. | GntR |
| ENTRAF0511 | fabR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Binds the promoter region of at least fabA and fabB, but probably not yqfA. Represses the transcription of fabA and fabB, involved in unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) biosynthesis. By controlling UFA production, FabR directly influences the physical properties of the membrane bilayer. | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0512 | fadR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Multifunctional regulator of fatty acid metabolism. Represses transcription of at least eight genes required for fatty acid transport and beta-oxidation including fadA, fadB, fadD, fadL and fadE. Activates transcription of at least three genes required for unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis: fabA, fabB and iclR, the gene encoding the transcriptional regulator of the aceBAK operon encoding the glyoxylate shunt enzymes. | GntR |
| ENTRAF0513 | feaR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Positive regulator of tynA/maoA and feaB/padA, the genes for 2-phenylethylamine catabolism. | AraC/XylS |
| ENTRAF0514 | fhlA | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Required for induction of expression of the formate dehydrogenase H and hydrogenase-3 structural genes. Also activates expression of hyf operon (encodes the silent hydrogenase-4 gene cluster). | Fis |
| ENTRAF0515 | fis | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Activates ribosomal RNA transcription, as well other genes. Plays a direct role in upstream activation of rRNA promoters. Binds to a recombinational enhancer sequence that is required to stimulate hin-mediated DNA inversion. Prevents initiation of DNA replication from oriC. Binds to hundreds of transcriptionally active and inactive AT-rich sites, approximately half its binding sites are in non-coding DNA, which only accounts for about 10% of the genome. | Fis |
| ENTRAF0516 | flhC | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Functions in complex with FlhD as a master transcriptional regulator that regulates transcription of several flagellar and non-flagellar operons by binding to their promoter region. Activates expression of class 2 flagellar genes, including fliA, which is a flagellum-specific sigma factor that turns on the class 3 genes. Also regulates genes whose products function in a variety of physiological pathways. | FlhC |
| ENTRAF0517 | flhD | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Functions in complex with FlhC as a master transcriptional regulator that regulates transcription of several flagellar and non-flagellar operons by binding to their promoter region. Activates expression of class 2 flagellar genes, including fliA, which is a flagellum-specific sigma factor that turns on the class 3 genes. Also regulates genes whose products function in a variety of physiological pathways. | FlhD |
| ENTRAF0518 | fnr | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Global transcription factor that controls the expression of over 100 target genes in response to anoxia. It facilitates the adaptation to anaerobic growth conditions by regulating the expression of gene products that are involved in anaerobic energy metabolism. When the terminal electron acceptor, O(2), is no longer available, it represses the synthesis of enzymes involved in aerobic respiration and increases the synthesis of enzymes required for anaerobic respiration. | Crp |
| ENTRAF0519 | fucR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Transcriptional activator of the fuc operon. | DeoR |
| ENTRAF0520 | fur | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Acts as a global negative controlling element, employing Fe(2+) as a cofactor to bind the operator of the repressed genes. Regulates the expression of several outer-membrane proteins including the iron transport operon. | FUR |
| ENTRAF0521 | gadE | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Regulates the expression of several genes involved in acid resistance. Required for the expression of gadA and gadBC, among others, regardless of media or growth conditions. Binds directly to the 20 bp GAD box found in the control regions of both loci. | GerE |
| ENTRAF0522 | gadW | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Depending on the conditions (growth phase and medium), acts as a positive or negative regulator of gadA and gadBC. Repression occurs directly or via the repression of the expression of gadX. Activation occurs directly by the binding of GadW to the gadA and gadBC promoters. | AraC/XylS |
| ENTRAF0523 | gadX | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Positively regulates the expression of about fifteen genes involved in acid resistance such as gadA, gadB and gadC. Depending on the conditions (growth phase and medium), can repress gadW. | AraC/XylS |
| ENTRAF0524 | galR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Repressor of the galactose operon. Binds galactose as an inducer. | GalR/LacI |
| ENTRAF0525 | galS | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Repressor of the mgl operon. Binds galactose and D-fucose as inducers. GalS binds to an operator DNA sequence within its own coding sequence (corresponding to residues 15 to 20). | GalR/LacI |
| ENTRAF0526 | gcvA | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Regulatory protein for the glycine cleavage system operon (gcv). Mediates activation of gcv by glycine and repression by purines. GcvA is negatively autoregulated. Binds to three sites upstream of the gcv promoter. | LysR |
| ENTRAF0527 | glcC | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Activator for the glycolate oxidation locus. | GntR |
| ENTRAF0528 | glpR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Repressor of the glycerol-3-phosphate regulon. | DeoR |
| ENTRAF0529 | gntR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Negative regulator for the gluconate utilization system GNT-I, the gntUKR operon. | GalR/LacI |
| ENTRAF0530 | gutM | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Positive regulator for glucitol operon expression. | GutM |
| ENTRAF0531 | hcaR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Transcriptional activator of the hca operon for 3-phenylpropionic acid catabolism. | LysR |
| ENTRAF0532 | hdfR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Negatively regulates the transcription of the flagellar master operon flhDC by binding to the upstream region of the operon. | LysR |
| ENTRAF0533 | hipA | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) module, first identified by mutations that increase production of persister cells, a fraction of cells that are phenotypic variants not killed by antibiotics, which lead to multidrug tolerance. Persistence may be ultimately due to global remodeling of the persister cell's ribosomes. Phosphorylates Glu-tRNA-ligase (AC P04805, gltX, on 'Ser-239') in vivo. Phosphorylation of GltX prevents it from being charged, leading to an increase in uncharged tRNA(Glu). This induces amino acid starvation and the stringent response via RelA/SpoT and increased (p)ppGpp levels, which inhibits replication, transcription, translation and cell wall synthesis, reducing growth and leading to persistence and multidrug resistance. Once the level of HipA exceeds a threshold cells become dormant, and the length of dormancy is determined by how much HipA levels exceed the threshold. The hipA7 mutation (a double G22S D291A mutation) leads to increased generation of persister cells (cells that survive antibiotic treatment) probably by entering into a dormant state, as well as cold-sensitivity. Wild-type cells produce persisters at a frequency of 10(-6) to 10(-5) whereas hipA7 cells produce about 100-fold more persisters. hipA7 decreases the affinity for antitoxin HipB, leading to increased HipA levels and persistence; depending on the protein level, can be toxic enough to reduce cell growth or even kill cells. Generation of persister cells requires (p)ppGpp as cells lacking relA or relA/spoT generate fewer or no persister cells respectively compared to hipA7. Generation of persister cells by HipA also requires mRNA interferase toxins (such as MazF, RelE or YafO) and Lon protease; a strain deleted for 10 type II TAs does not produce persisters when HipA (or HipA7) is expressed, nor does a lon deletion strain or bacteria with alterations of polyphosphate levels, although levels of (p)ppGpp increase. The toxic effect of HipA is neutralized by its cognate antitoxin HipB. Also neutralized by overexpression of gltX. With HipB acts as a corepressor for transcription of the hipBA promoter; binding of HipA-HipB to DNA induces a 70 degree bend. This brings together and dimerizes 2 HipA molecules, which distorts the promoter region, preventing sigma-factor binding; additionally HipA and HipB would physically prevent RNA core polymerase from contacting the -35 promoter box. Play a role in biofilm formation. | HipA Ser/Thr kinase |
| ENTRAF0534 | hipB | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Antitoxin component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) module. Neutralizes the toxic effect of cognate toxin HipA. Also neutralizes the toxic effect of non-cognate toxin YjjJ. Binds to operator sites with the consensus sequence 5-'TATCCN(8)GGATA-3' to repress the hipBA operon promoter; binding of HipB(2) to DNA induces a 70 degree bend. This forces HipA dimerization, which blocks HipA's active site and thus its toxic action. May play a role in biofilm formation. | SinR |
| ENTRAF0535 | hns | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | A DNA-binding protein implicated in transcriptional repression (silencing). Also involved in bacterial chromosome organization and compaction. H-NS binds tightly to AT-rich dsDNA and inhibits transcription. Binds upstream and downstream of initiating RNA polymerase, trapping it in a loop and preventing transcription. Binds to hundreds of sites, approximately half its binding sites are in non-coding DNA, which only accounts for about 10% of the genome. Many of these loci were horizontally transferred (HTG); this offers the selective advantage of silencing foreign DNA while keeping it in the genome in case of need. Suppresses transcription at many intragenic sites as well as transcription of spurious, non-coding RNAs genome-wide. Repression of HTG by H-NS is thought to allow their DNA to evolve faster than non-H-NS-bound regions, and facilitates integration of HTG into transcriptional regulatory networks. A subset of H-NS/StpA-regulated genes also require Hha (and/or Cnu, ydgT) for repression; Hha and Cnu increase the number of genes DNA bound by H-NS/StpA and may also modulate the oligomerization of the H-NS/StpA-complex. The protein forms 2 clusters in the nucleoid which gather hns-bound loci together, bridging non-contiguous DNA, and causes DNA substantial condensation. Binds DNA better at low temperatures than at 37 degrees Celsius; AT-rich sites nucleate H-NS binding, further DNA-binding is cooperative and this cooperativity decreases with rising temperature. Transcriptional repression can be inhibited by dominant-negative mutants of StpA or itself. May effect transcriptional elongation. Can increase translational efficiency of mRNA with suboptimal Shine-Dalgarno sequences. Plays a role in the thermal control of pili and adhesive curli fimbriae production, by inducing transcription of csgD. Plays a role in flagellar function. Represses the CRISPR-cas promoters, permits only weak transcription of the crRNA precursor; its repression is antagonized by LeuO. Binds preferentially to the upstream region of its own gene recognizing two segments of DNA on both sides of a bend centered around -150. Overexpression suppresses secY24, a temperature-sensitive mutation. Has also been reported to activate transcription of some genes. | Histone_HNS |
| ENTRAF0536 | hyfR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | A transcriptional activator of its own operon; when overexpressed operon expression is strongly enhanced by low pH (under pH 6.0), strongly inhibited by O(2) but only weakly stimulated by fumarate. Expression in situ is very weak. | Fis |
| ENTRAF0537 | argP | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Controls the transcription of genes involved in arginine and lysine metabolism. Activates transcription of several genes, including argO, lysP, lysC, asd, dapB, dapD, lysA, gdhA and argK. Acts by binding directly to their promoter or control region. ArgP dimer by itself is able to bind the argO promoter-operator region to form a binary complex, but the formation of a ternary complex with RNA polymerase is greatly stimulated only in presence of a coeffector. Both arginine and lysine are coeffectors at the argO promoter, but only arginine is competent to activate transcription. Lysine has repressive effects. ArgP also mediates lysine repression of dapB, and gdhA in vivo, but via an alternative mechanism: ArgP binding is directly reduced upon the addition of lysine. Binds in vitro to the promoter region of dnaA and to the upstream region of the nrd promoter, but these genes are probably not regulated by ArgP in vivo. In vitro, binds also to the three 13-mers located in the origin region (oriC) and blocks the initiation of replication. | LysR |
| ENTRAF0538 | iclR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Regulation of the glyoxylate bypass operon (aceBAK), which encodes isocitrate lyase, malate synthase as well as isocitrate dehydrogenase kinase/phosphorylase. Glyoxylate disrupts the interaction with the promoter by favoring the inactive dimeric form. Pyruvate enhances promoter binding by stabilizing the tetrameric form. | IclR |
| ENTRAF0539 | idnR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Idn operon regulator. May repress gntKU and gntT genes when growing on L-idonate. | GalR/LacI |
| ENTRAF0540 | ihfA | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | One of the 2 subunits of integration host factor (IHF), a specific DNA-binding protein that functions in genetic recombination as well as in transcriptional and translational control. Binds to hundreds of transcriptionally inactive, AT-rich DNA sites, approximately half its binding sites are in non-coding DNA, which only accounts for about 10% of the genome. | Bac_DNA_binding |
| ENTRAF0541 | ihfB | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | One of the 2 subunits of integration host factor (IHF), a specific DNA-binding protein that functions in genetic recombination as well as in transcriptional and translational control.; Plays a crucial role in the lysogenic life cycle of bacteriophage lambda, as it is required not only in the recombination reaction, which inserts lambda DNA into the E.coli chromosome, but also for the synthesis of int and cI repressor, two phage proteins necessary for DNA insertion and repression, respectively. The synthesis of int and cI proteins is regulated indirectly by IHF via translational control of the lambda cII protein.; Has an essential role in conjugative DNA transfer (CDT), the unidirectional transfer of ssDNA plasmid from a donor to a recipient cell. It is the central mechanism by which antibiotic resistance and virulence factors are propagated in bacterial populations. Part of the relaxosome, which facilitates a site- and strand-specific cut in the origin of transfer by TraI, at the nic site. Relaxosome formation requires binding of IHF and TraY to the oriT region, which then faciliates binding of TraI. | Bac_DNA_binding |
| ENTRAF0542 | ilvY | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | This protein activates the transcription of the ilvC gene in the presence of acetolactate or acetohydroxybutyrate. IlvY is also a negative regulator of its own expression. | LysR |
| ENTRAF0543 | iscR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Regulates the transcription of several operons and genes involved in the biogenesis of Fe-S clusters and Fe-S-containing proteins. Transcriptional repressor of the iscRSUA operon, which is involved in the assembly of Fe-S clusters into Fe-S proteins. In its apoform, under conditions of oxidative stress or iron deprivation, it activates the suf operon, which is a second operon involved in the assembly of Fe-S clusters. Represses its own transcription as well as that of toxin rnlA. | Rrf2 |
| ENTRAF0544 | kdgR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Transcriptional regulator of the kdgK gene for the kdg kinase and the kdgT gene for the kdg permease. | IclR |
| ENTRAF0545 | kdpE | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Member of the two-component regulatory system KdpD/KdpE involved in the regulation of the kdp operon. | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0546 | lacI | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Repressor of the lactose operon. Binds allolactose as an inducer. | GalR/LacI |
| ENTRAF0547 | leuO | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | A global transcription factor. Activates transcription of the 9 following operons; yjjQ-bglJ, yjjP, acrEF, ybdO, yjcRQP, casABCDE12, rhsD-ybbC, fepE and gltF, in most cases it probably interferes with silencing by H-NS and activates transcription. Represses transcription of the 3 following operons; uxaCA, sdaCB and yjiY. H-NS repression of the bgl operon, leading to the ability to metabolize some beta-glucosides. It also directly activates the bgl operon. Activation is H-NS and BglJ-RcsB independent. | LysR |
| ENTRAF0548 | lexA | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Represses a number of genes involved in the response to DNA damage (SOS response), including recA and lexA. Binds to the 16 bp palindromic sequence 5'-CTGTATATATATACAG-3'. In the presence of single-stranded DNA, RecA interacts with LexA causing an autocatalytic cleavage which disrupts the DNA-binding part of LexA, leading to derepression of the SOS regulon and eventually DNA repair. Implicated in hydroxy radical-mediated cell death induced by hydroxyurea treatment.The SOS response controls an apoptotic-like death (ALD) induced (in the absence of the mazE-mazF toxin-antitoxin module) in response to DNA damaging agents that is mediated by RecA and LexA. | LexA |
| ENTRAF0549 | lldR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | May be a regulatory protein for the LCT genes. | GntR |
| ENTRAF0550 | lrhA | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Not known, does not seem to act on the proton translocating NADH dehydrogenase genes (nuoA-N) which are part of the lrhA operon. | LysR |
| ENTRAF0551 | lrp | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Mediates a global response to leucine. Exogenous leucine affects the expression of a number of different operons; lrp mediates this effect for at least some of these operons. For example it is regulator of the branched-chain amino acid transport genes. | AsnC |
| ENTRAF0552 | lsrR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Regulates transcription of many different genes. In the absence of autoinducer 2 (AI-2), represses transcription of the lsrACDBFG operon and its own transcription. In the presence of AI-2, LsrR is inactivated by binding phospho-AI-2, leading to the transcription of the lsr genes. | Sugar-bind |
| ENTRAF0553 | lysR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | This protein activates the transcription of the lysA gene encoding diaminopimelate decarboxylase. LysR is also a negative regulator of its own expression. | LysR |
| ENTRAF0554 | mak | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Catalyzes the phosphorylation of fructose to fructose-6-P. Has also low level glucokinase activity in vitro. Is not able to phosphorylate D-ribose, D-mannitol, D-sorbitol, inositol, and L-threonine. | ROK |
| ENTRAF0555 | malI | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Repressor for the malX and malY genes. Also regulates its own expression. Binds maltose as an inducer. | GalR/LacI |
| ENTRAF0556 | malT | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Positively regulates the transcription of the maltose regulon whose gene products are responsible for uptake and catabolism of malto-oligosaccharides. Binds and recognizes a DNA motif (called the malT box): 5'-GGA[TG]GA-3'. | GerE |
| ENTRAF0557 | marA | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | May be a transcriptional activator of genes involved in the multiple antibiotic resistance (Mar) phenotype. It can also activate genes such as sodA, zwf and micF. | AraC/XylS |
| ENTRAF0558 | marR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Repressor of the marRAB operon which is involved in the activation of both antibiotic resistance and oxidative stress genes. Binds to the marO operator/promoter site. | MarR |
| ENTRAF0559 | mcbR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Important for biofilm formation. Represses expression of McbA by binding to its promoter region, which prevents colanic acid overproduction and mucoidy. | GntR |
| ENTRAF0560 | melR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Transcription activator for the expression of the melAB operon. MelR binds at two sites located upstream of the melAB transcription site. | AraC/XylS |
| ENTRAF0561 | metJ | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | This regulatory protein, when combined with SAM (S-adenosylmethionine) represses the expression of the methionine regulon and of enzymes involved in SAM synthesis. It is also autoregulated. | MetJ |
| ENTRAF0562 | metR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Control of the last step in methionine biosynthesis; MetR is a positive activator of the metA, metE and metH genes. MetR is also a negative regulator of its own expression. Binds homocysteine as an inducer. | LysR |
| ENTRAF0563 | mhpR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Activator of the mhpABCDFE operon coding for components of the 3-hydroxyphenylpropionate degradation pathway. | IclR |
| ENTRAF0564 | mlc | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Transcriptional repressor that regulates the expression of proteins that are part of the phosphotransferase system for sugar uptake. Regulates the expression of malT. | ROK |
| ENTRAF0565 | mlrA | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Transcriptional activator of the csg genes required for production of the curli (AgF). | MerR |
| ENTRAF0566 | mngR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Represses mngA and mngB. Regulates its own expression. | GntR |
| ENTRAF0567 | mntR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | In the presence of manganese, represses expression of mntH and mntS. Up-regulates expression of mntP. | DtxR/MntR |
| ENTRAF0568 | modE | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | The ModE-Mo complex acts as a repressor of the modABC operon, involved in the transport of molybdate. Upon binding molybdate, the conformation of the protein changes, promoting dimerization of ModE-Mo. The protein dimer is then competent to bind a DNA region, upstream of the modABC operon, which contains an 8-base inverted repeat 5'-TAACGTTA-3' flanked by two CAT boxes. Acts also as an enhancer of the expression of genes coding for molybdoenzymes, both directly and indirectly. ModE also interacts with tungstate. | LysR |
| ENTRAF0569 | mprA | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Negative regulator of the multidrug operon emrAB. | MarR |
| ENTRAF0570 | mqsA | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Antitoxin component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) module. Labile antitoxin that binds to the MqsR mRNA interferase toxin and neutralizes its endoribonuclease activity. Overexpression prevents MqsR-mediated cessation of cell growth and inhibition of cell proliferation. Initially reported to act as a cotranscription factor with MqsA. Following further experiments, the MqsR-MqsA complex does not bind DNA and all reported data are actually due to a small fraction of free MqsA alone binding DNA. Addition of MqsR to a preformed MqsA-promoter DNA complex causes dissociation of the MqsA-DNA complex, probably causing derepression of MqsA-repressed transcripts. MqsA binds to 2 palindromes in the promoter region of the mqsRA operon activating its transcription. Binds to other promoters, inducing mcbR and spy and repressing cspD among others. Binds to and represses the rpoS promoter, the master stress regulator, resulting in decreased cyclic-di-GMP, reduced stress resistance, increased cell motility and decreased biofilm formation; in these experiments 5 TA modules are missing (lacks MazEF, RelEB, ChpB, YoeB-YefM, YafQ-DinJ). An earlier study showed overexpression alone increases biofilm formation, perhaps by repressing cspD; in these experiments the 5 TA modules are present. Represses the csgD promoter. In the presence of stress, when this protein is degraded, the promoters it represses are derepressed, leading to biofilm formation (Probable). This TA system mediates cell growth during bile acid deoxycholate stress by degrading mRNA for probable deoxycholate-binding protein YgiS; bile acid detergents such as deoxycholate are important for host defense against bacterial growth in the gall bladder and duodenum. | MqsA_antitoxin |
| ENTRAF0571 | mqsR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) module. Plays a significant role in the control of biofilm formation and induction of persister cells in the presence of antibiotics. An mRNA interferase which has been reported to be translation-independent. It has also been reported to be translation-dependent. Cleavage has been reported to occur on either side of G in the sequence GCU. Also reported to cleave after C in GC(A/U) sequences. There are only 14 genes in E.coli W3110 (and probably also MG1655) that do not have a GCU sequence and thus are resistant to the mRNA interferase activity; among these is the gene for toxin GhoT. Overexpression of MqsR causes cessation of cell growth and inhibits cell proliferation via inhibition of translation as well as increasing persister cell formation; these effects are overcome by concomitant or subsequent expression of antitoxin MqsA. Cross-talk can occur between different TA modules. Ectopic expression of this toxin induces transcription of the relBEF TA module operon with specific cleavage of the relBEF mRNA produced. Regulates the expression of GhoT/GhoS, a type V TA module. Persistence depends on toxin GhoT activity, which MqsR controls at the post-transcriptional level by selectively degrading the antitoxin ghoS segment of the ghoST mRNA. Persister cells exhibit antibiotic tolerance without genetic change. mRNA interferases play a role in bacterial persistence to antibiotics; overexpression of this protein induces persisters resistant to coiprofloxacin and ampicillin. Overexpression leads to a dramatic increase in tolerance to the antibiotic ofloxacin. This TA system mediates cell growth during bile acid deoxycholate stress by degrading mRNA for probable deoxycholate-binding protein YgiS; bile acid detergents such as deoxycholate are important for host defense against bacterial growth in the gall bladder and duodenum. | MqsR_toxin |
| ENTRAF0572 | mtlR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Involved in the repression of the expression of the mannitol mtlADR operon. Does not bind the operator/promoter regulatory region of this operon. Therefore, seems to belong to a new class of transcription factors in bacteria that may regulate gene expression indirectly, perhaps as a part of a larger transcriptional complex. | MtlR |
| ENTRAF0573 | murR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Represses the expression of the murPQ operon involved in the uptake and degradation of N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc). Binds to two adjacent inverted repeats within the operator region. MurNAc 6-phosphate, the substrate of MurQ, is the specific inducer that weakens binding of MurR to the operator. Also represses its own transcription. | RpiR |
| ENTRAF0574 | nac | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Transcriptional activator for the hut, put and ure operons and repressor for the gdh and gltB operons in response to nitrogen limitation. Negative regulator of its own expression (By similarity). | LysR |
| ENTRAF0575 | nadR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | This enzyme has three activities: DNA binding, nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) adenylyltransferase and ribosylnicotinamide (RN) kinase. The DNA-binding domain binds to the nadB operator sequence in an NAD- and ATP-dependent manner. As NAD levels increase within the cell, the affinity of NadR for the nadB operator regions of nadA, nadB, and pncB increases, repressing the transcription of these genes. The RN kinase activity catalyzes the phosphorylation of RN to form nicotinamide ribonucleotide. The NMN adenylyltransferase activity catalyzes the transfer of the AMP moiety of ATP to nicotinamide ribonucleotide to form NAD(+). The NMN adenylyltransferase domain also functions as the NAD and ATP sensor. | SinR |
| ENTRAF0576 | nagC | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Acts as a repressor of the nagEBACD operon and acts both as an activator and a repressor for the transcription of the glmSU operon. | ROK |
| ENTRAF0577 | nanR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Transcriptional repressor that controls expression of the genes required for the catabolism of sialic acids. Represses expression of the nanATEK-yhcH, nanCMS and yjhBC operons. Acts by binding directly to the Nan box, a region of approximately 30 bp covering the promoter region. | GntR |
| ENTRAF0578 | narL | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | This protein activates the expression of the nitrate reductase (narGHJI) and formate dehydrogenase-N (fdnGHI) operons and represses the transcription of the fumarate reductase (frdABCD) operon in response to a nitrate/nitrite induction signal transmitted by either the NarX or NarQ proteins. | GerE |
| ENTRAF0579 | narP | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | This protein activates the expression of the nitrate reductase (narGHJI) and formate dehydrogenase-N (fdnGHI) operons and represses the transcription of the fumarate reductase (frdABCD) operon in response to a nitrate/nitrite induction signal transmitted by either the NarX or NarQ proteins. | GerE |
| ENTRAF0580 | nemR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Represses the transcription of the nemRA operon by binding to the nemR box. | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0581 | nhaR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Plays a role in the positive regulation of NhaA. | LysR |
| ENTRAF0582 | nikR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Transcriptional repressor of the nikABCDE operon. Is active in the presence of excessive concentrations of intracellular nickel. | RHH_1 |
| ENTRAF0583 | norR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Required for the expression of anaerobic nitric oxide (NO) reductase, acts as a transcriptional activator for at least the norVW operon. Activation also requires sigma-54. Not required for induction of the aerobic NO-detoxifying enzyme NO dioxygenase. Binds to the promoter region of norVW, to a consensus target sequence, GT-(N7)-AC, which is highly conserved among proteobacteria. | Myb/SANT |
| ENTRAF0584 | nrdR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Represses transcription of the class Ib RNR genes nrdHIEF but has much smaller effect on transcription of the class Ia RNR genes nrdAB and class III RNR genes nrdDG. By binding to nrdR boxes in the promoter regions to alter promoter activity, nrdR differentially regulates nrdAB, nrdHIEF and nrdD transcription in aerobic growth. | NrdR family |
| ENTRAF0585 | nsrR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Nitric oxide-sensitive repressor of genes involved in protecting the cell against nitrosative stress, such as ytfE, hmpA and ygbA. May require iron for activity. Does not regulates its own transcription. | Rrf2 |
| ENTRAF0586 | glnG | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Member of the two-component regulatory system NtrB/NtrC involved in the activation of nitrogen assimilatory genes such as GlnA. NtrC is phosphorylated by NtrB and interacts with sigma-54. | Fis |
| ENTRAF0587 | ompR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | The N-terminus of this protein is required for the transcriptional expression of both major outer membrane protein genes ompF and ompC; its C-terminal moiety mediates the multimerization of the OmpR protein. As a multimer, it turns on the expression of the ompC gene; as a monomer, it turns on the expression of the ompF gene. | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0588 | oxyR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Hydrogen peroxide sensor. Activates the expression of a regulon of hydrogen peroxide-inducible genes such as katG, gor, ahpC, ahpF, oxyS (a regulatory RNA), dps, fur and grxA. OxyR expression is negatively autoregulated by binding to a 43 bp region upstream of its own coding sequence. OxyR is inactivated by reduction of its essential disulfide bond by the product of GrxA, itself positively regulated by OxyR. Has also a positive regulatory effect on the production of surface proteins that control the colony morphology and auto-aggregation ability. | LysR |
| ENTRAF0589 | paaX | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Negative regulator of the paaZ and paaABCDEFGHIJK catabolic operons. Binds the consensus sequence 5'-WWTRTGATTCGYGWT-3'. Binding of PaaX is specifically inhibited by phenylacetyl-coenzyme A (PA-CoA). | PaaX |
| ENTRAF0590 | pdhR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Transcriptional repressor for the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex genes aceEF and lpd. | GntR |
| ENTRAF0591 | phoB | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | This protein is a positive regulator for the phosphate regulon. Transcription of this operon is positively regulated by PhoB and PhoR when phosphate is limited. | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0592 | phoP | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Member of the two-component regulatory system PhoP/PhoQ involved in adaptation to low Mg(2+) environments and the control of acid resistance genes. In low periplasmic Mg(2+), PhoQ phosphorylates PhoP, resulting in the expression of PhoP-activated genes (PAG) and repression of PhoP-repressed genes (PRG). In high periplasmic Mg(2+), PhoQ dephosphorylates phospho-PhoP, resulting in the repression of PAG and may lead to expression of some PRG (By similarity). Mediates magnesium influx to the cytosol by activation of MgtA. Promotes expression of the two-component regulatory system rstA/rstB and transcription of the hemL, mgrB, nagA, slyB, vboR and yrbL genes. | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0593 | prpR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Involved in the transcriptional regulation of the propionate catabolism operon. | Fis |
| ENTRAF0594 | pspF | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Transcriptional activator for the phage shock protein (psp) operon (pspABCDE) and pspG gene. | Fis |
| ENTRAF0595 | purR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Is the main repressor of the genes involved in the de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides, regulating purB, purC, purEK, purF, purHD, purL, purMN and guaBA expression. In addition, it participates in the regulation or coregulation of genes involved in de novo pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis, salvage and uptake (pyrC, pyrD, carAB and codBA), and of several genes encoding enzymes necessary for nucleotide and polyamine biosynthesis (prsA, glyA, gcvTHP, speA, glnB). Binds to a 16-bp palindromic sequence located within the promoter region of pur regulon genes. The consensus binding sequence is 5'-ACGCAAACGTTTTCNT-3'. PurR is allosterically activated to bind its cognate DNA by binding the purine corepressors, hypoxanthine or guanine, thereby effecting transcription repression. | GalR/LacI |
| ENTRAF0596 | putA | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Oxidizes proline to glutamate for use as a carbon and nitrogen source and also function as a transcriptional repressor of the put operon. | PutA pre-N-terminal region-like |
| ENTRAF0597 | qseB | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Member of a two-component regulatory system QseB/QseC. Activates the flagella regulon by activating transcription of FlhDC. Currently it is not known whether this effect is direct or not. | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0598 | rbsR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Transcriptional repressor for the ribose rbsDACBK operon. RbsR binds to a region of perfect dyad symmetry spanning the rbs operon transcriptional start site. The affinity for the rbs operator is reduced by addition of ribose, consistent with ribose being the inducer of the operon. | GalR/LacI |
| ENTRAF0599 | rcnR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Repressor of rcnA expression. Acts by binding specifically to the rcnA promoter in the absence of nickel and cobalt. In the presence of one of these metals, it has a weaker affinity for rcnA promoter. | Trns_repr_metal |
| ENTRAF0600 | rcsA | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Component of the Rcs signaling system, which controls transcription of numerous genes. Binds, with RcsB, to the RcsAB box to regulate expression of genes involved in colanic acid capsule synthesis. | GerE |
| ENTRAF0601 | b2217 | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Component of the Rcs signaling system, which controls transcription of numerous genes. RcsB is the response regulator that binds to regulatory DNA regions. Can function both in an RcsA-dependent or RcsA-independent manner. The system regulates expression of numerous genes, including genes involved in colanic acid capsule synthesis, biofilm formation, cell division and outer membrane proteins synthesis. Also involved, with GadE, in control of glutamate-dependent acid resistance, and, with BglJ, in derepression of the cryptic bgl operon. The RcsB-BglJ activity is probably independent of RcsB phosphorylation. | GerE |
| ENTRAF0602 | relB | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Antitoxin component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) module. Counteracts the effect of cognate toxin RelE via direct protein-protein interaction, preventing RelE from entering the ribosome A site and thus inhibiting its endoribonuclease activity. An autorepressor of relBE operon transcription. 2 RelB dimers bind to 2 operator sequences; DNA-binding and repression is stronger when complexed with toxin/corepressor RelE by conditional cooperativity. Increased transcription rate of relBE and activation of relE is consistent with a lower level of RelB in starved cells due to degradation of RelB by protease Lon. | RelB |
| ENTRAF0603 | relE | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) module. A sequence-specific, ribosome-dependent mRNA endoribonuclease that inhibits translation during amino acid starvation (the stringent response). In vitro acts by cleaving mRNA with high codon specificity in the ribosomal A site between positions 2 and 3. The stop codon UAG is cleaved at a fast rate while UAA and UGA are cleaved with intermediate and slow rates. In vitro mRNA cleavage can also occur in the ribosomal E site after peptide release from peptidyl-tRNA in the P site as well as on free 30S subunits. In vivo cuts frequently in the first 100 codons, most frequently after the second and third base and rarely near the stop codon. Overexpression of RelE results in the inhibition of bacterial growth and a sharp decrease in colony-forming ability which is neutralized by the labile cognate antitoxin RelB. Overexpression also sharply increases persisters (cells that neither grow nor die in the presence of bactericidal agents and are largely responsible for high levels of biofilm tolerance to antimicrobials). mRNA interferases play a role in bacterial persistence to antibiotics; overexpression of this protein induces persisters resistant to ciprofloxacin and ampicillin. Plays a role in dormancy when expressed in high-density cells in the absence of antitoxin RelB; amino acid starvation and an unidentified extracellular factor promote dormancy, while expression of antitoxin RelB restores cell culturability. Acts with RelB as a corepressor of relBE transcription, considerably increasing the repression of RelB alone. 2 RelB dimers bind to 2 operator sequences; DNA-binding and repression is stronger when complexed with toxin/corepressor RelE by conditional cooperativity. | ParE_toxin |
| ENTRAF0604 | rhaR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Activates expression of the rhaSR operon in response to L-rhamnose. | AraC/XylS |
| ENTRAF0605 | rhaS | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Activates expression of the rhaBAD and rhaT operons. | AraC/XylS |
| ENTRAF0606 | rob | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Binds to the right arm of the replication origin oriC of the chromosome. Rob binding may influence the formation of the nucleoprotein structure, required for oriC function in the initiation of replication. | AraC/XylS |
| ENTRAF0607 | rpiR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Regulatory protein involved in rpiB gene repression. Also involved in als operon repression. | RpiR |
| ENTRAF0608 | rstA | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Member of the two-component regulatory system RstB/RstA. | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0609 | rtcR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Transcriptional repressor of the rtcAB genes. Interacts with sigma-54. | RtcR |
| ENTRAF0610 | rutR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Master transcription regulator which represses the degradation of pyrimidines (rutABCDEFG) and purines (gcl operon) for maintenance of metabolic balance between pyrimidines and purines. It also regulates the synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides and arginine from glutamine (carAB) and the supply of glutamate (gadABWX). | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0611 | sdiA | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Activates cell division by specifically increasing transcription from one of the two promoters that lie immediately upstream of the ftsQAZ gene cluster. Activates ydiV expression in response to extracellular autoinducer AI-1 (Vibrio fischeri autoinducer oxoC6). | GerE |
| ENTRAF0612 | sgrR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Activates the small RNA gene sgrS under glucose-phosphate stress conditions as well as yfdZ. Represses its own transcription under both stress and non-stress conditions; this repression likely provides one measure of control over sgrR at the level of synthesis. Might act as a sensor of the intracellular accumulation of phosphoglucose by binding these molecules in its C-terminal solute-binding domain. | SgrR_N |
| ENTRAF0613 | slyA | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Transcription regulator that can specifically activate or repress expression of target genes. Activates expression of genes such as molecular chaperones (groL, groS, dnaK, grpE, and cbpA), proteins involved in acid resistance (hdeA, hdeB, and gadA), the starvation lipoprotein slp, virulence protein hlyE/clyA. Represses expression of genes involved in the histidine biosynthetic pathway such as hisA, hisB, hisD, hisF and hisG. Required for the activation of virulence genes. | MarR |
| ENTRAF0614 | soxR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Activates the transcription of the soxS gene which itself controls the superoxide response regulon. SoxR contains a 2Fe-2S iron-sulfur cluster that may act as a redox sensor system that recognizes superoxide. The variable redox state of the Fe-S cluster is employed in vivo to modulate the transcriptional activity of SoxR in response to specific types of oxidative stress. Upon reduction of 2Fe-2S cluster, SoxR reversibly loses its transcriptional activity, but retains its DNA binding affinity. | MerR |
| ENTRAF0615 | soxS | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Transcriptional activator of the superoxide response regulon of E.coli that includes at least 10 genes such as sodA, nfo, zwf and micF. Binds the DNA sequence 5'-GCACN(7)CAA-3'. It also facilitates the subsequent binding of RNA polymerase to the micF and the nfo promoters. | AraC/XylS |
| ENTRAF0616 | srlR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Glucitol operon repressor | DeoR |
| ENTRAF0617 | stpA | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | A DNA-binding protein that acts in a fashion similar to H-NS protein upon overexpression, represses a number of genes including the cryptic blg operon, hns, papB and the proU locus. A subset of H-NS/StpA-regulated genes also require Hha for repression; Hha and Cnu (YdgT) increases the number of genes DNA bound by H-NS/StpA and may also modulate the oligomerization of the H-NS/StpA-complex. Repression can be inhibited by dominant-negative mutants of StpA or H-NS. | Histone_HNS |
| ENTRAF0618 | alaS | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Catalyzes the attachment of L-alanine to tRNA(Ala) in a two-step reaction: L-alanine is first activated by ATP to form Ala-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of tRNA(Ala). AlaRS also incorrectly activates the sterically smaller amino acid glycine as well as the sterically larger amino acid L-serine; generates 2-fold more mischarged Gly than Ser. These mischarged amino acids occur because the of inherent physicochemical limitations on discrimination between closely related amino acids (Ala, Gly and Ser) in the charging step. | Class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family |
| ENTRAF0619 | tdcA | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Transcriptional activator for the tdcABCDE operon. | LysR |
| ENTRAF0620 | tdcR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Probable trans-acting positive activator for the tdc operon. | - |
| ENTRAF0621 | torR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Member of the two-component regulatory system TorS/TorR involved in the anaerobic utilization of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). Phosphorylated TorR activates the transcription of the torCAD operon by binding to four decameric boxes located in the torCAD promoter. Box1, 2 and 4 contain the DNA sequence 5'-CTGTTCATAT-3' and box3 contains the DNA sequence 5'-CCGTTCATCC-3'. Phosphorylated as well as unphosphorylated TorR negatively regulates its own expression by binding to box1 and 2. | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0622 | treR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Repressor of the treBC operon. It is able to bind trehalose-6-phosphate and trehalose. | GalR/LacI |
| ENTRAF0623 | trpR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | This protein is an aporepressor. When complexed with L-tryptophan it binds the operator region of the trp operon (5'-ACTAGT-'3') and prevents the initiation of transcription. The complex also regulates trp repressor biosynthesis by binding to its regulatory region. | TrpR |
| ENTRAF0624 | ttdR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Positive regulator required for L-tartrate-dependent anaerobic growth on glycerol. Induces expression of the ttdA-ttdB-ygjE operon. | LysR |
| ENTRAF0625 | tyrR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Involved in transcriptional regulation of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis and transport. Modulates the expression of at least 8 unlinked operons. Seven of these operons are regulated in response to changes in the concentration of the three aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan). These amino acids are suggested to act as co-effectors which bind to the TyrR protein to form an active regulatory protein. In most cases TyrR causes negative regulation, but positive effects on the tyrP gene have been observed at high phenylalanine concentrations. | Fis |
| ENTRAF0626 | uhpA | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Part of the UhpABC signaling cascade that controls the expression of the hexose phosphate transporter UhpT. Activates the transcription of the uhpT gene. Acts by binding specifically to the uhpT promoter region. | GerE |
| ENTRAF0627 | uidR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Repressor for the uidRABC (gusRABC) operon. | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0628 | ulaR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Represses ulaG and the ulaABCDEF operon. Two ulaR binding sites have been identified in each promoter. Full activity requires simultaneous interaction of UlaR with both divergent promoters and seems to be dependent on repressor-mediated DNA loop formation, which is helped by the action of integration host factor. | DeoR |
| ENTRAF0629 | uxuR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Repressor for the uxuRBA operon. | GntR |
| ENTRAF0630 | xapR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Positive regulator required for the expression of xapA and xapB. Binds to the inducer xanthosine. | LysR |
| ENTRAF0631 | xylR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Regulatory protein for the xylBAFGHR operon. | AraC/XylS |
| ENTRAF0632 | ydeO | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Induces the expression of gadE and mdtEF. Could also regulate the expression of other genes involved in acid resistance. | AraC/XylS |
| ENTRAF0633 | yefM | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Antitoxin component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) module. Antitoxin that counteracts the effect of the YoeB toxin. YefM binds to the promoter region of the yefM-yeoB operon to repress transcription, YeoB acts as a corepressor. | PhdYeFM_antitox |
| ENTRAF0634 | glrR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Member of the two-component regulatory system GlrR/GlrK that up-regulates transcription of the glmY sRNA when cells enter the stationary growth phase. Regulates glmY transcription by binding to three conserved sites in the purL-glmY intergenic region. | Fis |
| ENTRAF0635 | yiaJ | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Negatively controls the transcription of the yiaKLMNOPQRS operon, which may be involved in the utilization of 2,3-diketo-L-gulonate. | IclR |
| ENTRAF0636 | yoeB | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) module. Its mode of function is controversial; it has been proposed to be an mRNA interferase but also an inhibitor of translation initiation. When overproduced in wild-type cells, inhibits bacterial growth and translation by cleavage of mRNA molecules while it has a weak effect on colony forming ability. Overproduction of Lon protease specifically activates YoeB-dependent mRNA cleavage, leading to lethality. YefM binds to the promoter region of the yefM-yeoB operon to repress transcription, YeoB acts as a corepressor.; Shown in vitro to be an mRNA interferase that requires translation for substrate cleavage; if the mRNA is mutated so as to not be translatable it is no longer cleaved. Cleavage only occurs within translated regions. Has RNase activity and preferentially cleaves at the 3'-end of purine ribonucleotides. mRNA interferases play a role in bacterial persistence to antibiotics. | YoeB |
| ENTRAF0637 | yqhC | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Transcriptional regulator | AraC/XylS |
| ENTRAF0638 | yqjI | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Represses the expression of YqjH which is involved in iron homeostasis under excess nickel conditions. Also represses its own expression. | PadR |
| ENTRAF0639 | zntR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Zinc-responsive transcriptional regulator of zntA. | MerR |
| ENTRAF0640 | zraR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Member of the two-component regulatory system ZraS/ZraR. When activated by ZraS it acts in conjunction with sigma-54 to regulate the expression of zraP. Positively autoregulates the expression of the zraSR operon. | Fis |
| ENTRAF0641 | zur | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Acts as a negative controlling element, employing Zn(2+) as a cofactor to bind the operator of the repressed genes (znuACB). | FUR |
| ENTRAF0642 | ypdB | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Member of the two-component regulatory system YpdA/YpdB, which is part of a nutrient-sensing regulatory network composed of YpdA/YpdB, the high-affinity pyruvate signaling system BtsS/BtsR and their respective target proteins, YhjX and YjiY. YpdB regulates expression of yhjX by binding to its promoter region. Activation of the YpdA/YpdB signaling cascade also promotes BtsS/BtsR-mediated yjiY expression. | LytTR |
| ENTRAF0643 | yjjQ | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Transcriptional factor | GerE |
| ENTRAF0644 | yeiL | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Transcription regulator involved in mid-term, stationary-phase viability under nitrogen starvation. Might control expression of the salvage pathways or in some other way repress the recycling of nucleobases to nucleic acids and enhance their use as general nitrogen sources during nitrogen-limited growth. | Crp |
| ENTRAF0645 | yedW | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Probable member of a two-component regulatory system YedW/YedV. | Trans_reg_C |
| ENTRAF0646 | ybiH | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Regulates transcription of the cecR-ybhGFSR operon and the rhlE gene, which altogether are involved in the control of sensitivity to cefoperazone and chloramphenicol. Represses the cecR-ybhGFSR operon and activates the rhlE operon. Acts by binding to a palindromic sequence within the intergenic spacer located between these two divergently transcribed operons. | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0647 | yahA | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Hydrolyzes c-di-GMP (cyclic bis(3'-5') dimeric GMP) to 5'-pGpG, known as PDE-A activity. PDE-B activity, that is hydrolysis of 5'-pGpG to GMP, proceeds only very slowly. | GerE |
| ENTRAF0648 | yafQ | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) module. A sequence-specific mRNA endoribonuclease that inhibits translation elongation and induces bacterial stasis. Cleavage occurs between the second and third residue of the Lys codon followed by a G or A (5'AAA(G/A)3'), is reading-frame dependent and occurs within the 5' end of most mRNAs. Ribosome-binding confers the sequence specificity and reading frame-dependence. When overexpressed in liquid media YafQ partially inhibits protein synthesis, with a reduction in growth rate and colony growth rate. This effect is counteracted by coexpression with cognate antitoxin DinJ. YafQ and DinJ together bind their own promoter, and repress its expression. | RelE-like |
| ENTRAF0649 | uvrY | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Member of the two-component regulatory system UvrY/BarA involved in the regulation of carbon metabolism via the CsrA/CsrB regulatory system. UvrY activates the transcription of the untranslated csrB RNA and of barA, in an autoregulatory loop. Mediates the effects of CsrA on csrB RNA by BarA-dependent and BarA-independent mechanisms. | GerE |
| ENTRAF0650 | sutR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Regulates the expression of 12-16 transcription units involved in various steps of sulfur utilization. Represses expression of pfkB, fliZ, cysE, ydcO and its own expression. Activates expression of ypfN. Acts by binding to SutR boxes. | SinR |
| ENTRAF0651 | rclR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Involved in reactive chlorine species (RCS) stress resistance. Upregulates, in response to hypochlorous acid (HOCl), the expression of three genes essential for survival of RCS stress (rclA, rclB and rclC) and its own expression. | AraC/XylS |
| ENTRAF0652 | rcdA | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Regulates the expression of a number of genes involved in biofilm formation and stress response. Target genes include six stress-response transcriptional regulators: csgD, which is a master regulator of biofilm formation, appY, sxy, ycgF, fimB and rcdA itself. This indicates that a large number of genes must be regulated indirectly via these transcriptional regulators. Acts by binding to the upstream region of its target genes. | TetR/AcrR |
| ENTRAF0653 | yjiE | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Protects cells from HOCl (hypochlorite) stress but not peroxide or diamide stress. Decreases the intracellular load of reactive oxygen species by up-regulating genes involved in methionine and cysteine biosynthesis and down-regulating Fur-regulated genes involved in iron acquisition. Has also been suggested to down-regulate expression of the flagellar regulon, decreasing motility, but this activity was not confirmed in a second study. | LysR |
| ENTRAF0654 | puuR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Represses puuA, puuD and puuP. | SinR |
| ENTRAF0655 | pgrR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Regulates the expression of genes involved in peptidoglycan (PG) degradation. Could play a role in switch control between recycling and degradation of PG peptides. Negatively regulates the expression of the ycjY-ymjD-ymjC-mpaA operon by binding to the PgrR-box. In addition, other genes are predicted to be under the control of PgrR, including genes related to membrane formation and function. | LysR |
| ENTRAF0656 | nimR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Negatively regulates expression of the nimT operon and its own expression. Acts by binding to the nimR-nimT intergenic region. | AraC/XylS |
| ENTRAF0657 | mraZ | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Negatively regulates its own expression and that of the subsequent genes in the proximal part of the division and cell wall (dcw) gene cluster. Acts by binding directly to DNA. May also regulate the expression of genes outside the dcw cluster. | MazE_antitoxin |
| ENTRAF0658 | mazF | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) module. A sequence-specific endoribonuclease it inhibits protein synthesis by cleaving mRNA and inducing bacterial stasis. It is stable, single-strand specific with mRNA cleavage independent of the ribosome, although translation enhances cleavage for some mRNAs. Cleavage occurs at the 5'-end of ACA sequences, yielding a 2',3'-cyclic phosphate and a free 5'-OH, although cleavage can also occur on the 3'-end of the first A. Digests 16S rRNA in vivo 43 nts upstream of the C-terminus; this removes the anti-Shine-Dalgarno sequence forming a mixed population of wild-type and "stress ribosomes". Stress ribosomes do not translate leader-containing mRNA but are proficient in translation of leaderless mRNA, which alters the protein expression profile of the cell; MazF produces some leaderless mRNA. The toxic endoribonuclease activity is inhibited by its labile cognate antitoxin MazE. Toxicity results when the levels of MazE decrease in the cell, leading to mRNA degradation. This effect can be rescued by expression of MazE, but after 6 hours in rich medium overexpression of MazF leads to programmed cell death. MazF-mediated cell death occurs following a number of stress conditions in a relA-dependent fashion and only when cells are in log phase; sigma factor S (rpoS) protects stationary phase cells from MazF-killing. Cell growth and viability are not affected when MazF and MazE are coexpressed. Both MazE and MazE-MazF bind to the promoter region of the mazE-mazF operon to inhibit their own transcription. MazE has higher affinity for promoter DNA in the presence of MazF. Cross-talk can occur between different TA modules, ectopic expression of this toxin induces transcription of the relBEF TA module operon with specific cleavage of the mRNA produced. | PemK_toxin |
| ENTRAF0659 | mazE | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Antitoxin component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) module. Labile antitoxin that binds to the MazF endoribonuclease toxin and neutralizes its endoribonuclease activity. Is considered to be an 'addiction' molecule as the cell dies in its absence. Toxicity results when the levels of MazE decrease in the cell, leading to mRNA degradation. This effect can be rescued by expression of MazE, but after 6 hours in rich medium the overexpression of MazF leads to programmed cell death. Cell growth and viability are not affected when MazF and MazE are coexpressed. Both MazE and MazE-MazF bind to the promoter region of the mazE-mazF operon to inhibit their own transcription. There are 3 operators to which MazE binds. MazE has higher affinity for promoter DNA in the presence of MazF. | MazE_antitoxin |
| ENTRAF0660 | higB | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) module. A probable translation-dependent mRNA interferase. Overexpression causes cessation of cell growth and inhibits cell proliferation via inhibition of translation; this blockage is overcome by subsequent expression of antitoxin HigA. Overexpression causes cleavage of a number of mRNAs in a translation-dependent fashion, suggesting this is an mRNA interferase. mRNA interferases play a role in bacterial persistence to antibiotics; overexpression of this protein induces persisters resistant to ciprofloxacin and ampicillin. | HigB_toxin |
| ENTRAF0661 | higA | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Antitoxin component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) module. Functions as an mRNA interferase antitoxin; overexpression prevents HigB-mediated cessation of cell growth and inhibition of cell proliferation. | SinR |
| ENTRAF0662 | gatR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Repressor of the gat operon for galacticol transport and metabolism. In K12 strains the operon is constitutively expressed because this gene is inactive. | DeoR |
| ENTRAF0663 | fliZ | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | During the post-exponential growth phase transiently interferes with RpoS (sigma S) activity without affecting expression of RpoS itself. It is probably not an anti-sigma factor as its overexpression is detrimental in rapidly growing cells where there is almost no sigma S factor. There is a strong overlap between Crl-activated genes and FliZ-down-regulated genes. FliZ acts as a timing device for expression of the genes for the adhesive curli fimbriae by indirectly decreasing expression of the curli regulator CsgD. | Phage_int_SAM_1 |
| ENTRAF0664 | ecpR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Part of the ecpRABCDE operon, which encodes the E.coli common pilus (ECP). ECP is found in both commensal and pathogenic strains and plays a dual role in early-stage biofilm development and host cell recognition. Positively regulates the expression of the ecp operon (By similarity). Also represses expression of the flagellar master operon flhDC, and consequently prevents flagellum biosynthesis and motility. Acts by binding to the regulatory region of the flhDC operon (Probable). | GerE |
| ENTRAF0665 | ebgR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Repressor for beta galactosidase alpha and beta subunits (ebgA and ebgC). Binds lactose as an inducer. | GalR/LacI |
| ENTRAF0666 | dinJ | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Antitoxin component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) module. A labile antitoxin that counteracts the effect of cognate toxin YafQ. YafQ and DinJ together bind their own promoter, and repress its expression. There are 2 operators with imperfect inverted repeats (IR) in the dinJ promoter, YafQ-(DinJ)2-YafQ only binds to the first (most upstream) of them to repress transcription; binding to a single IR is sufficient for activity in vivo and in vitro. DinJ alone is as potent a transcriptional repressor as the heterotetramer and also only needs to bind 1 IR to act. | RelB |
| ENTRAF0667 | btsR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Member of the two-component regulatory system BtsS/BtsR, which is part of a nutrient-sensing regulatory network composed of BtsS/BtsR, the low-affinity pyruvate signaling system YpdA/YpdB and their respective target proteins, YjiY and YhjX. Responds to depletion of nutrients, specifically serine, and the concomitant presence of extracellular pyruvate. BtsR regulates expression of yjiY by binding to its promoter region. Activation of the BtsS/BtsR signaling cascade also suppresses YpdA/YpdB-mediated yhjX induction. | LytTR |
| ENTRAF0668 | bluR | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | Controls the expression of several small proteins that may play a role in biofilm maturation. Binds to and represses the operator of the ycgZ-ymgA-ariR-ymgC operon and also regulates ynaK. Binding is antagonized by BluF upon blue light (470 nm) irradiation. Blue light may increase the affinity of BluF for BluR, allowing it to be released from its operator. | MerR |